Goose hunting tips

By

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August 20, 2025

Canada goose hunting is the fastest growing hunting sport in Minnesota. Our state harvests more geese than any state in the country.

Many hunters new to the sport are unaccustomed to firing at such a big bird. More familiar with shooting ducks, they often fire with too light a load at geese too far away. To improve hunters’ effectiveness and reduce the crippling of geese caused by ill-placed shots, the DNR has begun teaching hunters how to shoot more effectively. Through a brochure, “Get Your Goose,” and seminars held each fall at Thief Lake and Lac Qui Parle wildlife management areas, hunters are learning how to improve their odds of bagging a honker.

Although it’s a big bird, a goose has a relatively small vital zone. The total area in which pellets will kill a goose is just one-tenth the bird’s total size. To ensure they hit the vital zone with enough ?oomph,? waterfowl hunters need to pattern their guns and find the correct loads.

Most experts say the best loads for geese are sizes 1, BB, BBB, or T steel shot. For most hunting situations, BB or BBB shot is the most effective shot size. Both have plenty of pellets, but still enough energy to bring down a goose. Guns are usually 10- or 12-gauge. Because steel shoots tighter patterns than lead does, the best chokes for geese are modified and improved modified. However, each shotgun choke is unique, which is why hunters should pattern their particular guns.

To test loads, place a 40- by 40-inch-square sheet of paper at the same distance as flying geese that will be shot at. (For most hunters and situations, that’s about 30 to 50 yards). Fire at an aiming point you mark on the paper. Do this on five sheets. Then, on each sheet, draw a 30-inch diameter circle around the densest pattern area on each sheet and count the pellets that hit inside the circle. This is the “pattern density.” Try different loads and chokes until one is found that puts enough pellets (from 35 for heavier loads up to 55 for lighter loads) into the circle, which ensures that enough will hit the goose’s vital zone for a clean kill. Another common mistake of beginning hunters is to shoot at geese flying out of range (“skybusting”). This can cripple birds, flare off approaching geese, and may cause approaching flocks to fly even higher. Some exceptional shooters have the skill to occasionally drop a bird “from the stratosphere,” but for most hunters, a kill at over 50 yards is just dumb luck and poor sportsmanship. A good rule of thumb recommended by goose guides is this: If the end of your gun barrel covers more than half the bird, it is beyond 45 yards and is too far away for a clean kill.

It takes practice to find the correct lead for geese. The big birds have slow wing beats that make them appear to be lumbering along. But actually, geese move as fast as a mallard. Lead accordingly.

Do Wolves Feast on Deer?

By

Sean Campbell

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August 20, 2025

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“Wolves vs. Deer: Unveiling the Age-Old Predator-Prey Relationship”

Table of Contents

The Varied Diet of Wolves: Exploring Their Consumption of Deer
From Moose to Deer: Understanding the Prey Preferences of Wolves
Feast or Famine: How Wolves Adapt Their Diet to Include Deer
Deer on the Menu: Unraveling the Relationship Between Wolves and Their Prey
Wolves and Deer: Examining the Complex Interactions in their Food Chain
Dietary Flexibility of Wolves: Insights into Their Consumption of Deer

The Varied Diet of Wolves: Exploring Their Consumption of Deer

Wolves are known for their adaptability when it comes to their diet. While their main prey consists of large, hooved herbivores such as moose, elk, and deer, they have also been observed consuming a variety of other animals. This includes smaller mammals like beavers, hares, marmots, and rodents, as well as fish and birds. Wolves are even known to scavenge for carrion and garbage. However, their occasional predation on domestic livestock and pets has led to conflicts with humans and a negative reputation for the species.

The specific diet of wolves depends on the availability of prey in their habitat, as well as the size and vulnerability of the prey. Different regions across the Northern Hemisphere have varying populations of ungulates (hooved animals), which serve as the primary prey for wolves. For example, Arctic wolves hunt caribou and musk-oxen in their icy habitats, while wolf packs in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming primarily target elk, moose, deer, bighorn sheep, and mountain goats. Mexican gray wolves prefer elk and deer as their wild prey in North Carolina.

In parts of Spain and Italy, wolves tend to feast on red deer, roe deer, and wild boar. In Central Asia, ibexes, argali sheep, and wild goats are the main prey for wolves. The Himalayan wolf inhabits high altitudes in the Himalayas and Tibetan plateau where they hunt Tibetan gazelles.

While wolves can survive on 2.5 to 3.7 pounds of meat daily, successful reproduction requires them to consume 5 to 7 pounds per day. Despite this need for food intake for reproduction purposes or survival in general; however; wolves typically do not eat every day but instead follow a feast-or-famine lifestyle. They can go for days or even weeks without eating, and when they do make a successful kill, they can consume up to 20 pounds of food in one meal.

Hunting large ungulates like elk, moose, caribou, and musk-oxen is easier and safer for wolves when they hunt in packs. It takes skill, energy, and luck to successfully take down such large prey. While wolves are skilled hunters, they are not always successful due to various factors such as the age and experience of the wolf, the vulnerability of the prey (e.g., old, injured, sick or young individuals), the time of year and day, the terrain, and the weather conditions.

Research has shown that wolves tend to target the most vulnerable individuals within a herd or flock of prey species. This includes older animals, those that are injured or sickly, as well as individuals with a history of poor nutrition. By targeting these vulnerable individuals, wolves ensure their own survival by reducing competition for resources.

The relationship between wolves and their prey is complex and influenced by various factors. In some cases where more than one prey species is available in an ecosystem, wolves may switch their focus from one species to another depending on the availability and abundance of each. For example, in northeastern Minnesota’s east-central Superior National Forest where white-tailed deer, moose, and beavers are present as top menu items for wolves; researchers have observed that when moose populations declined by over half from 2006 to 2016; wolf populations almost doubled instead of decreasing. Wolves supplemented their diet by hunting white-tailed deer during this period.

Similar observations were made in other locations where wild ungulates became scarce or absent. A study conducted in Alaska’s Alexander Archipelago revealed that while ungulates represented about 65% of wolves’ diet on a regional level; the kind and proportion of ungulates varied across different locations. Sitka black-tailed deer were the main prey on several islands, while moose and mountain goats were the primary prey on the mainland. When one of these ungulate species declined or became scarce, wolves adapted by changing their prey to a variety of other species including land mammals (beaver, black bear, rodents, etc.), marine life (mammals and fish), and even birds.

In instances where wild ungulates or other wild prey are scarce or absent from the landscape, wolves may turn to alternative food sources such as domestic livestock. This brings them into direct conflict with humans and has been linked to seasonal patterns like grazing seasons when livestock are more vulnerable. Wolves have also been known to scavenge for garbage in certain areas. In Israel, wolf scat analysis revealed that they consume not only meat scraps and fruit but also non-food trash items like human hair, plastic containers, cigarettes, and eggshells.

Fruit is another surprising addition to wolves’ diets in various regions across Europe and China. Studies have found evidence of wolves consuming cherries, berries, apples, pears, figs, plums, grapes, melons; even regurgitating wild blueberries for their pups at rendezvous sites in Minnesota’s Voyageurs National Park.

Understanding the varied diet of wolves is crucial for wildlife management policies and debunking myths surrounding wolf predation. By studying what wolves eat and how it relates to their habitat and prey availability; researchers can gain insights into the ecological dynamics between predators and their prey while also addressing conflicts with humans over resources.

From Moose to Deer: Understanding the Prey Preferences of Wolves

Wolves are large carnivores that primarily prey on ungulates, such as moose, elk, and deer. However, they are not strict carnivores like some species of cats. Wolves have adapted to a more varied diet and are considered generalists and opportunistic hunters. In addition to ungulates, wolves also prey on smaller animals like beavers, hares, marmots, rodents, fish, and birds. They are also known to scavenge carrion and garbage. Unfortunately, occasional predation on domestic livestock and pets has contributed to the negative reputation of wolves among some people.

The flexibility in their diet is one of the reasons for the success of wolves as a species. It allows them to survive and thrive in various ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere. The type of prey available, its size, and vulnerability determine what wolves eat. Different regions have different dominant prey species for wolves. For example, Arctic wolves hunt caribou and musk-oxen while elk, moose, deer, bighorn sheep, and mountain goats are the main prey for wolf packs in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.

Wolves can survive on 2.5 to 3.7 pounds of meat daily but require 5 to 7 pounds per day for successful reproduction. However, they do not eat every day and live a feast-or-famine lifestyle. After successfully hunting a large ungulate, a wolf can consume up to 20 pounds of food in one meal. Hunting large ungulates is easier and safer for wolves that hunt in packs compared to hunting alone.

Research has shown that wolves tend to target the most vulnerable individuals within a herd or flock of prey species. This includes the old, injured, sick or young individuals with less visibly discernable vulnerabilities such as poor nutrition history. When wild ungulates and other wild prey are scarce or absent from the landscape, wolves have been observed to switch their prey preferences. They may supplement their diet with alternate prey species or turn to domestic livestock, leading to conflicts with humans.

Understanding the prey preferences of wolves is crucial for wildlife management policies and dispelling myths and misperceptions about wolf predation. By studying what wolves eat, researchers gain insights into factors such as prey availability, vulnerability, terrain, climate, disease, and fragmented landscapes that influence wolf diets. This knowledge helps in conserving wolf populations and promoting coexistence between wolves and humans.

Feast or Famine: How Wolves Adapt Their Diet to Include Deer

Wolves are known for their adaptability when it comes to their diet. While their main prey consists of large hooved herbivores like moose, elk, and deer, they have also been observed hunting smaller animals such as beavers, hares, marmots, and rodents. In addition to these land-dwelling creatures, wolves have been known to consume fish and even birds. They are opportunistic hunters and scavengers, often feasting on carrion and garbage. However, this varied diet has also brought them into conflict with humans as they occasionally prey on domestic livestock and pets.

The flexibility in the wolf’s diet is one of the reasons for its success as a species. It allows them to survive and thrive in various ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere. The type of prey wolves eat depends on its availability, size, and vulnerability. Different regions have different dominant prey species for wolves. For example, Arctic wolves hunt caribou and musk-oxen while elk, moose, deer, bighorn sheep, and mountain goats are the primary prey for wolf packs in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.

Wolves typically do not eat every day but live a feast-or-famine lifestyle. They can go days or even weeks without eating but can consume up to 20 pounds of food in a single meal after successfully hunting a large ungulate. Hunting large ungulates like elk and moose is easier and safer for wolves that hunt in packs. However, hunting success depends on various factors such as the age and experience of the wolf, vulnerability of the prey animal, time of year and day, terrain, and weather conditions.

Research has shown that wolves tend to target the most vulnerable individuals in a herd or flock of prey species. This includes old or injured individuals as well as young ones. Wolves also target prey with less visibly discernable vulnerabilities, such as a history of poor nutrition. In instances where wild ungulates and other prey are scarce or absent, wolves have been observed to switch their diet to include alternate prey species. This prey switching behavior helps them survive in environments where the primary prey species is in decline.

In some cases, when wild prey is unavailable, wolves turn to domestic livestock as a food source. This brings them into direct conflict with humans and has contributed to their negative reputation in certain areas. Wolves have also been known to scavenge from garbage dumps and consume non-food items accidentally, such as plastic containers or broken glass.

Overall, the wolf’s diet is influenced by factors such as prey availability, vulnerability, terrain, climate, and disease. Understanding what wolves eat and how they adapt their diet is crucial for wildlife management policies and dispelling myths and misperceptions about wolf predation. By studying their diet and prey relationships, researchers can gain valuable insights into the behavior and ecology of these fascinating animals.

Deer on the Menu: Unraveling the Relationship Between Wolves and Their Prey

Wolves have a diverse diet that includes large, hooved herbivores known as ungulates, such as moose, elk, and deer. However, they are not limited to these prey species and also hunt smaller animals like beavers, hares, marmots, rodents, fish, and birds. They are even known to scavenge carrion and garbage. This adaptability in their diet has contributed to the success of wolves as a species, allowing them to thrive in various ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere.

The specific prey that wolves target depends on factors such as availability, size, and vulnerability. Different regions have different dominant prey species for wolves. For example, Arctic wolves primarily hunt caribou and musk-oxen, while wolf packs in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming mainly rely on elk, moose, deer, bighorn sheep, and mountain goats. The Mexican gray wolf favors elk and deer as its wild prey in North Carolina.

Wolves can survive on 2.5 to 3.7 pounds of meat per day but require 5 to 7 pounds for successful reproduction. However, they do not eat every day and live a feast-or-famine lifestyle. After successfully hunting a large ungulate, a wolf can consume up to 20 pounds of food in one meal. Hunting large ungulates is easier and safer for wolves that hunt in packs compared to hunting alone.

When it comes to hunting strategies and behaviors of wolves, studies have shown that they tend to target the most vulnerable individuals within a herd or flock of prey species. This includes the old, injured, sick or young individuals with less visibly discernable vulnerabilities such as poor nutrition history.

The relationship between wolves and their prey is complex and influenced by various factors such as the number of prey animals available. Research conducted on Isle Royale, an isolated ecosystem, revealed that the moose and wolf populations tended to reflect each other. When moose numbers were high, there was more food for wolves, leading to better nutrition, higher pup survival rates, and an increase in the wolf population. As wolf numbers declined, they put less pressure on the moose populations, allowing them to rebound.

In multi-prey ecosystems where more than one prey species is available, a decline in the primary prey species can lead to two possible outcomes for the predator population. The predator population may also decline or it may continue to increase by supplementing its diet with alternate prey. This phenomenon is known as “prey switching.” For example, in northeastern Minnesota’s east-central Superior National Forest, wolves primarily target white-tailed deer, moose, and beavers. When the moose population declined significantly from 2006 to 2016, instead of decreasing in number, the wolf population almost doubled. Wolves supplemented their diet by hunting white-tailed deer and continued preying on moose calves.

In instances where wild ungulates and other wild prey are scarce or absent from the landscape, wolves exhibit flexibility and resilience in their diet. They may turn to domestic livestock as a food source, which often leads to conflicts with humans. Garbage dumps can also serve as a food source for scavenging wolves.

Studies have shown that fruit can also be part of a wolf’s diet. Scat analysis across different regions has revealed the presence of various fruits like cherries, berries, apples, pears, figs, plums grapes, melons in their diets.

Understanding what wolves eat and their relationship with prey species is crucial for wildlife management policies and dispelling myths about wolf predation. By studying these aspects of wolf ecology, researchers gain insights into how wolves interact with their environment and shape conservation strategies.

Debra Mitts-Smith, an expert in wolf literature and art, conducts research on wolves and is currently working on a cultural history of the wolf. The International Wolf Center provides educational resources and information about wolves to promote their survival and the understanding of their role in ecosystems.

Wolves and Deer: Examining the Complex Interactions in their Food Chain

Wolves and deer have a complex relationship when it comes to their food chain. Wolves primarily prey on large, hooved herbivores such as moose, elk, and deer. These ungulates make up the main source of food for wolves, but they are not the only prey that wolves target. Over half a century of research on wolves has revealed that they also prey on smaller animals such as beavers, hares, marmots, rodents, fish, and even birds. Wolves are opportunistic hunters and scavengers, which allows them to adapt to a more varied diet compared to hypercarnivores like cats who eat only meat.

Vulnerable Prey

Studies have shown that wolves tend to target the most vulnerable individuals in a herd or flock of prey species. This includes the old, injured, sick, or young animals that are easier targets for predation. Wolves also target prey with less visibly discernable vulnerabilities such as a history of poor nutrition. By focusing on these vulnerable individuals, wolves increase their chances of successful hunts and ensure their own survival.

Prey Switching

In areas where more than one prey species is available, wolf-prey relations become even more complex. When the primary prey species goes into decline or becomes scarce, two things can happen: the predator population may also decline or the predator population may continue to increase by supplementing its diet with alternate prey. Biologists call this “prey switching.” For example, in northeastern Minnesota’s Superior National Forest where white-tailed deer, moose, and beavers are the top menu items for wolves, researchers found that as the moose population declined by more than half from 2006 to 2016, wolf numbers almost doubled instead of decreasing. The wolves supplemented their diet by hunting white-tailed deer and continued to prey on moose calves, contributing to the ongoing decline of the moose population. Only when the white-tailed deer population also declined did the wolf population start to decrease.

Scavenging and Human Conflict

Wolves are known to scavenge for food, including carrion and garbage. This scavenging behavior can sometimes bring them into direct conflict with humans. In areas where wild prey is scarce or absent from the landscape, wolves may turn to domestic livestock as a food source. This leads to conflicts between wolves and livestock owners. Additionally, wolves have been observed scavenging in garbage dumps and consuming non-food trash items such as human hair, plastic containers, cigarettes, and eggshells. These behaviors highlight the flexibility of wolves’ diets and their ability to adapt to different food sources in order to survive.

Overall, studying what wolves eat provides valuable insights into their ecological role and helps shape wildlife management policies. Understanding the complex interactions between wolves and their prey species, such as deer, is crucial for maintaining balanced ecosystems and mitigating conflicts between humans and wildlife.

Dietary Flexibility of Wolves: Insights into Their Consumption of Deer

Wolves are known for their dietary flexibility and ability to adapt to different prey species. One of the main prey animals for wolves is deer, which includes species such as moose, elk, and white-tailed deer. Research has shown that wolves have a varied diet and will also prey on smaller animals such as beavers, hares, marmots, rodents, fish, and even birds. They are also known to scavenge carrion and garbage.

The type of prey that wolves consume depends on factors such as the availability of prey in their habitat, the size of the prey animal, and its vulnerability. Different wolf populations across the Northern Hemisphere have different preferred prey species. For example, Arctic wolves hunt caribou and musk-oxen, while Mexican gray wolves primarily target elk and deer. In Spain and Italy, wolves tend to feast on red deer, roe deer, and wild boar.

Wolves can survive on 2.5 to 3.7 pounds of meat daily but require 5 to 7 pounds per day for successful reproduction. However, they typically do not eat every day and live a feast-or-famine lifestyle. After successfully hunting a large ungulate like an elk or moose, a wolf can consume up to 20 pounds of food in a single meal.

While hunting large ungulates takes skill and energy, it is easier and safer for wolves that hunt in packs. Wolves are skilled hunters but not always successful due to various factors such as the age and experience of the wolf, the vulnerability of the prey animal, the time of year and day, terrain conditions, and weather.

Studies have shown that wolves tend to target the most vulnerable individuals in a herd or flock of prey species. This includes old or injured animals as well as young individuals or those with a history of poor nutrition. The flexibility and resiliency of wolves become especially apparent in areas where wild prey is scarce or absent from the landscape.

In instances where the primary prey species goes into decline, wolves may resort to “prey switching” by supplementing their diet with alternate prey. For example, when the moose population declined in northeastern Minnesota, wolves increased their predation on white-tailed deer. Similarly, in Alaska, wolves expanded their dietary niche to include a variety of species such as land mammals, marine life, and birds when ungulates became scarce.

However, when wild prey is unavailable, wolves may turn to domestic livestock as a food source, leading to conflicts with humans. They have also been known to scavenge from garbage dumps and consume non-food items incidentally.

Understanding what wolves eat and how they adapt to different prey species is crucial for wildlife management policies and dispelling myths about wolf predation. Research on the dietary flexibility of wolves provides insights into their ecological role and helps shape conservation efforts for both wolves and their prey species.

Sources:
– International Wolf Center: https://wolf.org/
– “Dietary Flexibility of Wolves: Insights into Their Consumption of Deer” (International Wolf magazine)

In conclusion, wolves are natural predators that do indeed eat deer. Their diet primarily consists of herbivores such as deer, aiding in maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Understanding the predator-prey relationship between wolves and deer is crucial for wildlife conservation efforts.

Tested: Hi-Point Firearms 1095TS 10 mm Carbine

By

Ethan Smith

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August 20, 2025

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Hi-Point Firearms has been manufacturing some of the most budget-friendly semi-automatic pistols and carbines available for more than two decades. While the aesthetics of the guns may not gladden the eyes of all who gaze upon them, they are loaded with features, constructed from 100-percent American-made components and assembled by a U.S.-based labor force. This year, Hi-Point decided it was time to ramp up the power potential of its carbine line with the addition of a brand new 10 mm version called the 1095TS. As of this writing, the 10 mm is available in either a standard flat black or Realtree Edge camouflage finish. This review takes a closer look at the Realtree Edge version.