Planting population for different markets and cultivars

Sunflower is a drought tolerant crop produced mainly for two markets: confectionery or oilseed. The quality standards of the seeds produced, specially seed size and oil content, are different for oilseed and confectionery markets. The desired seed size for confectionery production is larger with relatively lower oil content, whereas the qualities desirable for oilseed are smaller seeds with high oil content. Despite different quality parameters, a majority of production practices for these two types are similar. The primary difference comes in the threshold for insect pest damage, where confectionery has a lower threshold compared to oilseed. Many studies at various locations across the US have shown that seeding rate is the major factor which determines the size and oil content of the seed, where high seeding rate tend to produce small seeds with greater oil content, and vice-versa. Because the size of confectionery sunflower seeds is critical for its market values, the crop produced for confectionery seeds is planted at relatively lower population than oilseed production. In addition to different markets, sunflower cultivars can be classified as either standard or dwarf. Standard cultivars are typically taller, with heights reaching up to 6 feet. Dwarf cultivars are typically much shorter, approximately 3 feet, and often will have a less likelihood for lodging. These standard and dwarf cultivars can also influence seeding rates and practices, with the dwarf cultivars typically being planted at higher seeding rates and narrower rows.

According to High Plains Sunflower Production Guide, final sunflower population should be 18,000 to 22,000 plants per acre for oilseed production and 12,000 (dryland) to 18,000 (irrigated) plants per acre for confectionery seed production. A study evaluating 5 different seeding rates of sunflower (RRC 8025 hybrid, confectionery seed) in the Oklahoma panhandle showed improved yield as planting population increased from 9,000 plants per acre to 25,000 plants per acre (Figure 1). However, the amount of yield increase with increasing plant populations diminished at the highest populations. For example, the gain in yield was 32% when population increased from 9,000 to 15,000 seeds per acre, 17% when population increased from 15,000 to 20,000 seeds per acre, and only 3.5% when population increased from 20,000 to 25,000 seeds per acre. However, these yields were not statistically different among different populations.

Seed spacing and depth uniformity

Besides population, the uniformity of plants influences the overall quality and survivability of the crop. Sunflowers require soil temperature of 50oF or above to germinate uniformly. According to Khalifa et al., (2000), ideal temperature for maximum sunflower seed germination rages from 59-77oF. The germination and germination rates decline above 95oF. Data generated by Robinson et al. (1982) showed that uniform and single spaced seed (1 plant per 80cm) will typically result in seed with higher oil content and lower moisture at harvest, compared to unevenly spaced plants. However, it is not only quality that is influenced, uneven spacing can result in up to 31% yield reductions. Plant spacing non-uniformities include large skips or crowded spacing which reduces yield contribution from individual plants. Several factors can contribute to uneven or non-uniform stands, including poor seeding conditions, high planter speed, disease, insect injury or poor quality seed (Kandel et al., 2013).

Differences in planters, planter adjustments and planting practices can play an important role in germination and uniform stands as well. For example, a no-till vacuum planter provided the best uniformity as it was able to obtain best spacing and uniform depth on a no-till sandy clay loam at 18% soil moisture content (Celik et al., 2007). Work from Celik et al. (2007) in sandy clay loam also showed that increase in planter speed only reduced germination time. The data from Oklahoma panhandle show average germination rate ranging from 70-80% for sunflower with different planter settings. This experiment showed that row cleaner had the major impact on emergence, where including a row cleaner improved germination by 11% followed by speed, which improved emergence by 4% when speed reduced from 7 mph to 5 mph. For detailed report on planter impact on germination readers are advised to refer to Celik et al. (2007).

Right planting depth is crucial for uniform germination of crops. In general, recommended planting depth for sunflower production is between 1-2 inches; and planting deeper than 3 inches is highly discouraged. In the Oklahoma panhandle, a trial evaluating planting depth found that planting at 1 inch resulted in higher yields than those of 2 inches, although this was not statistically significant (Figure 2). This could be due to less seed energy being spent to establish the crop at 1 inch. Because more seed energy is spent between germination and emergence with deeper planting depths, less energy is available for early crop establishment.

The results from those studies provided evidence of the impact of planting depth and population on sunflower yields. It should be noted that the results presented in this fact sheet from Oklahoma Panhandle were from a dwarf variety. Another variety planted for yield potential at the same field the same year was RRC 2414 (but not included for depth and population studies), which yielded 1688 (±232) lbs/acre. This variety was planted at 1” depth and was about 6 feet in height. Data from R.F. Meyers’ work in Colorado showed that sunflower yields tend to decline as planting date moves from May to June. The Oklahoma panhandle study was planted in second week of June. Therefore, the lower yields in these experiments could be due to late planting as well as lower germination rate than the above-mentioned studies. It should also be noted that the planter performance may vary with different soil types and planting conditions.

Figure 1. Sunflower yields for different planting populations.

Figure 2. Sunflower yield for 1 and 2 inch planting depth. Error bars represent standard deviation.

Figure 3. Sunflower emergence (%) under different planter settings at Oklahoma Panhandle Research and Extension Center in Goodwell, OK (adopted from: Godsey et al.).

Summary

In summary, we recommend the planting depth of sunflower seeds to be 1 inch. The confectionery seeds production should be planted at 15000 to 20,000 seeds per acre and up to 22000 for oilseed production. The planter speed tends to influence seed germination where 5 mph results in better germination than 7 mph. Therefore, seed depth and spacing should be checked while planting to make sure the depth and population are precise for a given speed.

References

Celik, A., I. Ozturk, T.R. Way. 2007. Effects of various planters on emergence and seed distribution uniformity of sunflower. Applied Engineering in Agriculture (23):57-61. Available at: ResearchGate: Effects of Various Planters on Emergence and Seed Distribution Uniformity of Sunflower

Godsey, C. Planting Decisions for Oklahoma Sunflower Production. Available at: https://www.sunflowernsa.com/uploads/17/godsey_plantingdecisionsoklahoma.pdfHigh Plains Sunflower Production Handbook. Colorado State University, Kansas State University, University of Nebraska, University of Wyoming. Available at: https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/mf2384.pdfKandel, H. 2013. National Sunflower Crop Survey. North Dakota State University Extension Service. Available at: National Sunflower Association 2013 National Sunflower Crop SurveyKhalifa, F.M., A.A. Schneiter, E.I. ELtayeb. 2000. Temperature – Germination responses of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) genotypes. HELIA 23: 97-104 Available at: file:///C:/Users/Sumit/Downloads/10.1515_helia.2000.23.33.97.pdf

Lopez, M.P., A.J. Hall. 2019. Sunflower oil yield responses to plant population and row spacing: vegetative and reproductive plasticity. Field Crops Research 230:17-30.National Sunflower Association. High Plains Sunflower Production Handbook. Available at: https://www.sunflowernsa.com/uploads/3/planting-sunflower.pdfSmith, J.A., M.F. Kocher. Evaluate planter meter and seed tube systems for seed spacing performance of confection sunflower seed to improve plant spacing in the field. https://www.sunflowernsa.com/uploads/research/330/Smith_PlanterMeter_08.pdf

Robinson, R.G., H.J. Ford, W.E. Lueschen, D.L. Rabas, D.D. Warnes, and J.V. Wiersma. 1982. Response of sunflower to unfromity of plant spacing. Agronomy Journal 74(2): 363-365.Warrick, B.E., Sunflower Production Guide. Texas A&M University. Available at: https://sanangelo.tamu.edu/extension/agronomy/agronomy-publications/sunflower-production-guide/

Want to buy the Best Thermal Scope for your rifle? We have you covered with a comprehensive, constantly updating list of quality Thermal Scopes on the market.

We have all price ranges on our list, so you can be sure to find something in your price range and feature set.

What is thermal imaging?

Thermal imaging is a type of optical technology that measures the amount of heat radiation given off by living objects.

It works by capturing the infrared light that is emitted from the heat of a target, and this is then converted into an electrical signal that creates an image of the target on a display.

Thermal imaging scopes are useful in any kind of lighting condition and can be used during the day and at night, even in total darkness.

They do not require external light sources, are unaffected by glare, and can be used to see through dust, smoke, and fog.

However, they are pretty expensive and may require additional training to interpret the images correctly.

Best Thermal Scopes for 2024

ATN ThOR 4

The ATN ThOR 4 thermal scope is an excellent option for those looking for a reliable thermal scope in 2024.

This thermal scope is packed with features that make it an ideal choice for both hunting and tactical operations.

The 4th generation dual core thermal sensor provides ultra-sensitive detection and better contrasts.

The scope also has recoil-activated video, a one-shot zero, and ultra-low power consumption.

The ATN ThOR 4 features a built-in laser range finder, dual-stream video, and a new ultra-sensitive next-generation thermal sensor which lets you view and record at never before seen high resolution.

ThOR 4 series of thermal scope features a suite of applications like a built-in ballistics calculator, and it features recoil-resistant components and an expandable MicroSD slot that lets you record up to 256 gigabytes of photos and video on your device.

All these features make the ATN ThOR 4 an excellent choice for 2024.

Sig Sauer Echo 3

The Sig Sauer Echo 3 thermal scope is an excellent choice for anyone looking for an affordable, yet high-quality thermal scope.

The Echo 3 offers a wide variety of features that make it a great choice for an all-purpose thermal scope in 2024.

One of the Echo 3’s best features is its reasonable price tag. With two variants available, one with 1-6x magnification and one with 2-12x magnification, it is possible to acquire an excellent thermal scope without breaking the bank.

With 8 color palettes and 6 brightness settings, users are able to adjust the image to fit their needs.

The Sig Sauer Echo 3 also provides excellent battery life and a motion-controlled battery monitoring system, called MOTAC.

This system helps conserve battery life and helps ensure that the optic will power back on when needed.

The Echo 3 utilizes two CR123 batteries that last for up to 6 hours.

Finally, the main eye-catching feature of the Echo 3 is its large open screen. This feature allows users to keep their situational awareness high and makes the optic easier to use on the fly.

These features make the Echo 3 the best overall thermal scope for 2024.

Burris Thermal Riflescope

The Burris BTS 50 Thermal Riflescope is an excellent choice for thermal rifle scopes in 2021.

Its durable design and one-button control make it one of the most user-friendly thermal scopes available on the market.

With a 3.3-13.2 magnification range, a 400×300 pixel thermal sensor resolution, and a 50 Hz refresh rate, the Burris Thermal Riflescope offers a clear sight picture for hunting a variety of animals.

Its Hot Track feature allows the device to quickly and easily recognize the hottest object in the reticle’s zone and stick with it as it moves around.

The Burris Thermal Riflescope is also lightweight and compact, and its mounting system makes it easy to attach to a Picatinny rail.

Burris Thermal Riflescope comes with a 3-year warranty.

This makes it a great option for those who want an affordable and reliable thermal scope for their nighttime shooting setup.

Pulsar Thermion 2 Pro

The Pulsar Thermion 2 Pro is a powerful thermal imaging riflescope that offers a sleek design and a built-in laser rangefinder.

Featuring a 640×480 microbolometer resolution and an AMOLED display with 1024×768 resolution, this scope can detect heat signatures up to 2,000 yards away.

It includes a powerful laser rangefinder with a range of up to 875 yards, Wi-Fi connectivity to upload data to the Stream Vision 2 App, 10 reticle shapes in 9 color modes, Picture-in-Picture mode, and 5 unique shooting profiles.

It also boasts 10 hours of battery life, IPX7 waterproof rating, and can withstand calibers from 12 gauge, 9.3×64, and .375 H&H.

This scope is ideal for hunters who need precision and accuracy in any weather condition.

AGM Rattler TC19

The AGM Rattler TC19 is a great thermal scope for 2024 due to its affordability, impressive detection range, and versatility.

At under $1000, it’s a great value compared to its competitors, with a useful detection range of up to 650 yards.

It also features a FLIR Tau 2 sensor with 384×288 resolution, which allows for very crisp and detailed thermal imaging even at long distances.

The scope can also be used as a riflescope or a handheld monocular, with a digital zoom of up to 8x magnification.

It has the added benefit of being able to be connected to an external 5V battery pack via USB, increasing the usable battery life.

All of this makes the AGM Rattler TC19 a capable and affordable thermal scope for 2024.

Steiner NightHunter S35

The Steiner NightHunter S35 is an ideal thermal scope thanks to its unbeatable combination of features, performance, and price.

It has a high-resolution sensor of 640 x 480, a fast refresh rate of 12 micron/50 Hz, digital zoom of 2x and 8x, a long battery life of 4.5+ hours, and a lightweight 2.25-pound design.

It also offers durable aluminum housing and both first- and second-plane reticles, allowing the user to accurately and precisely identify targets in the dark.

Its price of under $5000 makes it an affordable option for those who need a reliable thermal scope.

With its reliable performance, high-quality components, and reasonable price, the Steiner NightHunter S35 is the perfect thermal.

ATN THOR LTV

The ATN ThOR LTV is a thermal rifle scope that has been gaining popularity in the shooting community because of its great price point.

This scope provides users with a 1280x720p HD display with Black-hot and White-hot modes, a one-shot zero feature for easy adjustments in the field, and 10+ hours of continuous battery power.

It is constructed with a hardened aluminum alloy and has a weather-resistant IP rating, making it prepared to face any adverse weather conditions.

It features the acclaimed 68 MOA circle dot reticle, which is known to offer the most intuitive ranging capabilities available.

With its excellent features and affordable price, the ATN ThOR LTV is perfect for both experienced and novice hunters and shooters alike.

It is a great product that combines both quality and affordability, making it a popular choice for anyone looking for a thermal rifle scope.

Fusion Thermal Avenger 40

Fusion Thermal Avenger 40 is a thermal scope that was designed around the Keep it Simple stupid menu system that Fusion Thermal is known for.

The Avenger 40 features a three-button control system as well as an alloy housing. The 40mm Ultra HD objective lens provides a great sight picture. The sensor is a 384×288 12-Micron thermal sensor and provides a top-notch thermal image.

A quality QD tactical scope mount is included and this optic is backed by a five-year transferable warranty.

What are the benefits of using a thermal scope?

Improved Target Acquisition and Acquisition

Using a thermal scope can drastically improve target acquisition and range.

Thermal scopes help with three things: detection, recognition, and identification.

Thermal imaging requires no light to function, which provides a distinct advantage in dense vegetation, under cloud cover, and during moonless nights.

Thermal scopes can detect targets up to 2,000 yards away, recognize the difference between a hog and a calf or spot a weapon up to 500 yards away, and identify a person or animal up to 200 yards away.

Furthermore, thermal scopes have customizable reticles and color schemes, as well as a one-shot-zero feature and can save profiles for multiple weapons or ammunition.

All of these features help to improve target acquisition and range.

See in Low Light Conditions

Thermal scopes help see in low light conditions by detecting heat emitted by a target and displaying it as a visible image.

This allows people to observe their target clearly, even in complete darkness or foggy weather.

Thermal scopes are also especially useful for hunting because they are not affected by camouflage or other obstructions, and can detect a target’s heat signature at farther distances than night vision scopes.

They can be used during the day or night, while night vision scopes are not designed to be used in daylight.

Detect and Track Moving Targets Easily

Thermal scopes offer a significant advantage in detecting and tracking moving targets.

The key benefit of a thermal scope is its ability to detect heat emitted by an object, which is why they are able to pick up and track moving targets better than other types of scopes.

This means that a thermal scope can be used to detect and track animals, people, vehicles, and other moving objects even in conditions where other scopes might struggle, such as cloudy days, in the brush, and at night.

Thermal scopes come with a wide range of features and capabilities, such as adjustable refresh rates, custom reticles and color palettes, and one-shot-zero capability, all of which support enhanced target acquisition and tracking.

Enhanced Accuracy and Reduced Guesswork

When shooting, accuracy and reducing guesswork are paramount.

A thermal scope can provide just that, as it provides a clearer image of the target and allows for easier ranging.

Thermal scopes are typically equipped with a built-in rangefinder, so you won’t need to switch back and forth between a separate device, like a rangefinder or rangefinding binoculars.

Some of the higher-end devices on the market have the ability to geotag your shot, recording the elevation, location, and speed when it was taken.

Thermal scopes often come with a 4-line crosshair reticle which allows for an easier adjustment for range to target, as opposed to a single-dot reticle which is better suited for short-range accuracy.

The thermal resolution on these scopes is also higher, providing a much clearer image of the target.

On top of this, the scopes are durable and lightweight, making them easy and comfortable to use, and they often have multiple zero settings, allowing you to save various zero settings to change your rifle’s zero with the press of a button.

These scopes can record your best shots and even share them with your friends. All of these features contribute to making the thermal scope a great choice for accurate, ethical shooting.

Ability to View Through Foliage and Other Objects

Thermal scopes provide a distinct advantage for viewing through foliage and other objects because they detect heat rather than relying on light like a night vision scope does.

The thermal scope can detect heat in heavily wooded areas that help animals or people stand out among the vegetation.

It does not need any additional light sources and can be used during the day or night, whereas daylight can potentially damage a night vision scope.

Thermal scopes have a much higher contrast between the target and the rest of the picture, making it easier to see, while night vision does not.

Thermal scopes can cut through camouflage or dense fog, while targets standing still are harder to recognize with traditional scopes.

Increased Safety Due to Target Detection

The use of a thermal scope significantly increases safety by providing the shooter with the ability to detect targets, even in the dark.

Thermal scopes aLLOW the shooter to identify potential threats in low light or no light conditions.

This allows the shooter to make an informed decision before taking any action, reducing the potential for friendly fire or collateral damage.

A wide field of view and long detection range of some thermals scopes allow for greater situational awareness, enabling the shooter to anticipate threats before they become imminent dangers.

Reduced Fatigue for the Eyes

Using a thermal scope reduces fatigue for the eyes by providing a super clear sight picture with a good refresh rate, a compact design, an adjustable refresh rate, and an awesome resolution.

The efficient size and weight of the thermal scope also enable users to enjoy longer use without the burden of carrying a heavy device.

Moreover, the optics of the thermal scope provide up to 6X or 12X magnification with resolutions of up to 640×512, allowing users to have an enhanced visual experience while reducing eye strain.

What to consider when choosing a thermal scope?

Here are a few good ideas to keep in mind while you’re shopping for a thermal scope.

Purpose and use

A thermal scope is an optical device that uses digital sensors and computer processors to measure and display the differences in heat radiation as various colors and contrast.

It is used as a target spotting scope, allowing the user to pick out targets by their heat signature in dark conditions and through weather conditions such as rain, fog, and snow.

Thermal scopes are also known as Forward-Looking Infrared (FLIR) scopes and can be handheld or mounted to a firearm.

They can also be used to record photos and videos, making them a valuable training tool in a tactical setting, or be used to record your hunt.

Price

Thermal scope price ranges are quite wide: you can find some units under the $1,000 mark, but these are rare to find.

Most thermal scopes on the market will cost at least $1,000, and some will exceed $5,000 and even reach up to $10,000.

If you’re looking for the best bang for your buck, you’ll likely be shopping in the $1,200-$2,500 range, but if you have the budget for it, then you could even look at some of the higher end models.

It’s important to keep in mind that these are not night-vision units, which can cost only a few hundred dollars since thermal scopes depend on a rare-earth element called germanium, which supplies temperature-sensitive glass for them.

Features

When choosing a thermal scope, it is important to consider several key features.

These include lens size, zoom, refresh rate, battery life, Wi-Fi capability, additional features such as Bluetooth technology, streaming, laser rangefinders, GPS, compasses, and ballistic calculators, and video recording capabilities.

Lens size will depend on the range you need to shoot at, while zoom will determine how close you can get to the target.

Refresh rate is important in order to get a clear picture, and battery life will determine how long you can use the scope without interruption.

Wi-Fi capability will allow you to stream video and connect to other devices, while additional features like Bluetooth, laser rangefinders, GPS, and compasses can add convenience.

Finally, video recording capabilities will allow you to capture and replay images. It is important to consider all of these features in order to choose the best thermal scope for your needs.

Quality and Reliability

Image quality is perhaps the most important, as this will determine how clear and accurate the sight picture is.

You should also look at the range of the scope, and make sure it can detect heat signatures out to the distances you need.

Pay attention to the materials used in the scope’s construction, as they should be extremely high-quality, as well as the pixel pitch and thermal resolution.

In addition to these qualities, reliability is also an important factor to consider. Look for a scope with a generous warranty length and positive customer support reviews.

Certain thermal scopes can come with bonus features such as Bluetooth technology, Wi-Fi streaming, and video recording capabilities.

While these features can be helpful, they are not necessary for good operation.

Ultimately, it is important to choose a thermal scope that provides the features you need at a reasonable price.

Optical Quality

Optical quality is of paramount importance when choosing a thermal scope. Good optics will ensure that you get a clear, high-quality image with minimal distortion.

The lens should be made of specialized germanium crystals, which absorb less light from the infrared spectrum.

This will allow you to capture more detail at higher magnifications. A larger objective lens, usually in the 50-60mm range, will also provide more signal and allow for better resolution.

It’s also important to consider the refresh rate of the thermal scope. A higher refresh rate means you will be able to detect movement more easily and accurately.

All of these features are essential for getting the most out of your thermal scope and ensuring you have the best possible experience.

Reticle and Zeroing

When choosing a thermal scope, there are a few important considerations that come into play. The reticle is one of the most important features to consider.

Reticle options vary from model to model and usually have different colors and styles that can also be selected to match your environment and target type.

Some reticles even feature a bullet-drop compensator, which can be a great aid to long-distance shooting.

Zeroing your thermal scope is also much easier than zeroing a traditional optic. Many thermal scopes offer a one-shot-zero feature, allowing you to set an accurate zero with a single shot.

Some models even allow you to save multiple presets, so you can have precise zeroes for different loads of ammunition on hand.

Overall, reticles and zeroing are two of the most important considerations when choosing a thermal scope.

Different reticle options and colors can help you better identify your target, and the one-shot-zero feature makes it easy to set accurate zeroes for multiple loads of ammo.

Field of View

The field of view of a thermal scope is the area the scope will allow you to see.

It is measured in degrees and typically ranges from 4 to 14 degrees, depending on the scope’s magnification.

Generally, the higher the magnification, the narrower the field of view. The field of view is important since it helps you recognize your target from farther away.

With a wider field of view, you can see more of the area around you, making it easier to spot targets.

The refresh rate of the scope also affects how quickly you can recognize targets and movements. Higher refresh rates allow you to see changes to the scene faster.

Weight and size

Weight and size are important considerations. With any optic weight can add unneeded stress to the shooter and weigh down your gun while trying to aim.

Making accurate shots is much easier with a lighter firearm and won’t fatigue the shooter.

Sensitivity and Amplification

Sensitivity is a key characteristic of thermal scopes that determines how well the scope can detect heat signatures of objects at a certain distance.

The higher the sensitivity, the further away the thermal scope can detect heat. Amplification is another key factor in determining the range and performance of thermal scopes.

Amplification increases the brightness of the image, allowing for better detection of heat signatures in low-light conditions.

It also helps to magnify the image and make it easier to identify objects at a distance.

Batteries

When choosing a thermal scope, it is important to consider the battery life, charging time, and replacement battery costs.

Thermal scopes typically operate on lithium-ion batteries that are easy to replace and charge and the battery life for most quality thermal scopes is about 8 hours, which is normally sufficient for a single hunting trip.

However, if a person is going on a longer trip, a spare battery will be necessary.

Some thermals can use external battery sources, which can mix disposable and external battery sources.

When comparing thermal scopes, it is important to take into account battery life as it can make a huge difference in the field.

Thermal scopes have become more efficient, but battery life generally ranges from three hours to twenty-four hours.

Some thermals come with spare batteries while others are rechargeable.

It is important to read up on the scope before purchase to make sure the battery life will last as long as needed, also consider the cost of replacement batteries.

Mounting options

Mounting options for thermal scopes vary depending on the specific scope.

Thermal scopes can either be designed to be mounted directly onto a rifle’s Picatinny rail or require special gear, such as a mounting base with rail segmentation and scope rings with the correct mounting height.

Clip-on thermal devices can also be used to mount a thermal scope onto a rifle that only has dovetails.

Monoculars, on the other hand, are handheld or mounted on helmets and are used purely for observation.

They cannot be zeroed and do not feature reticles, unlike traditional thermal scopes.

Some examples of thermal scopes include the Burris Thermal Riflescope, SIG Echo3, Trijicon REAP-IR, Thermion XP50, ATN Thor 4 384, AGM Python TS50-640, and Steiner Close Quarter’s Thermal Sight.

Each of these scopes has its own mounting considerations, so it is important to do research on the specific scope before making a purchase.

FAQ

“The Very Best Value in a 22LR Bolt Action Rifle”

The CZ-455 American 22LR is 99% of everything I want in a 22LR rifle. My most important requirements are accuracy and great looks, and the CZ-455 delivers both.

This rifle features a nicely finished walnut stock with cut checkering and beautiful matt blue solid steel action and hammer-forged barrel. For about $400 street price, this rifle gives you the accuracy associated with names like Anschutz or Cooper, or high dollar custom Ruger 1022’s. Even the standard model like the American in 22LR will produce 1 MOA or better groups with off the shelf ammo like CCI standard velocity. If you are looking for a very accurate rifle at a very reasonable price, the CZ-455 is for you.

The CZ-455 replaced the 452 series (although special 452’s are still listed on their website), and features interchangeable barrels between 22LR, 22Mag and 17 HMR. You can even get the 455 with both 22LR and 17 HMR in a combo rifle set. Just remove the stock, loosen two set screws that retain the barrel and exchange the barrel. The barrels are pre-fit with proper headspace to make the change easy, and the combo rifle comes with one 5-round magazine in each caliber. Of course, you will have to re-zero the scope because of the big differences in ballistics of the 22LR and more powerful 17 HMR or 22Mag.

The 455 models feature an integral 11mm dovetail for mounting scopes, so some rimfire rings will not work. I like BLK rimfire scope rings best for rimfire rifles with dovetail available from AMAZON . These rings will work on 3/8” or 11mm base and are perfectly machined to align with your barrel.

The Classic style stock is Turkish walnut and my rifle has a nice finish and attractive straight grain. You can get many variations of the 455 including, varmint, trainer, suppressor-ready, stainless steel, and more. If you hurry, there is still a limited quantity of 452 Grand Finale’s available. The CZ-452 Grand Finale is built using the last 452 actions ever produced, embellished with hand-engraved scroll work on the action, barrel, bottom metal and included 1” scope rings. The upgraded American walnut is trimmed with an ebony forend and grip cap, the bolt is jeweled and it has a deep glossy blue finish to the metal. This model is about $1150, over twice the price of a standard CZ-455.

Shop prices on our Amazon Affiliate PagesBLK scope ringsCZ 455 Scope Base RailVortex Diamondback ScopesLeupold 22 Rimfire Scopes

Vortex Diamondback 3×12 HP Scope

Vortex Diamondback 3×12 HP Scope ON SALE At AMAZON

I mounted a Vortex Diamondback 3x12x42 HP Scope on the CZ-455 and it has turned out to be an excellent scope for the rifle. The Diamondback HP series has the Vortex extra-low dispersion (XD) glass to increase resolution and color fidelity, and fully Multi-Coated lenses with XR proprietary coatings on all air-to-glass surfaces.

The Diamondback HP offers extremely clear, extra-low dispersion glass with XR multi-coated lenses to allow hunters to squeeze out every bit of shooting light from the day to bag their trophy. The side parallax adjustment, this rifle scope keeps a trim profile and gives you all of the features you need to be successful.

The side focus lets you shoot parallax-free down to 30 yards so it is a great scope for at 22LR or more powerful caliber. The finger adjustable turret knobs are great for making quick changes when target shooting and the Vortex Deadhold BDC (bullet drop compensation) reticle makes it easy to shoot accurately in the field. This Vortex Diamondback HP series is also available in 2×8 or 4×16 power, depending on your needs. The scope worked so well on my CZ-455, I bought more for my other 22LR and centerfire rifles. The street price is about $300.

Shooting The CZ-455 22LR

The CZ-455 is a pleasure to shoot. It just has that perfect feel of a classic hunting rifle. Everything feels right and operates smoothly. The rifle functions perfectly, the mags load easily and feed flawlessly, the trigger has no creep and breaks very well. The trigger was a little heavy, so I replaced the trigger spring with the ACE #144 spring to bring it down to 1.5lbs. There are other trigger kits like the YODAVE that has 3 springs and pin shims to give you a choice of trigger pull options for about $18. YODAVE also has bore guides, scope levels, and other handy items for the CZ-455 shooter.

I went by the range between showers today to shoot a few groups with CZ-455 and managed to shoot 3 groups worth posting. The targets below were shot at 100 yards with a 10 MPH headwind, so in good conditions and the right shooter, it should really shine. The three groups averaged just under 1 MOA. That’s really good with me behind the wheel. Ammo was my favorite, SK Match Rifle. Guess it is time to cut the cards at 100 yds again.

Leupold Mark AR 6-18×40 Scope

A Leupold Mark AR 6-18×40 Scope arrived today, so I decided to mount it on the CZ-455 and see if I can improve the 100-yard groups. It has a fine duplex reticle an a few more power to work with so I hope to shoot better at the 100-200 yard range.

WOW! Going from a 12x to 18x scope makes so much difference at 100 yards and beyond when shooting a 22LR. Zero at 50, 15 clicks up on the P5 dial, one full turn for 200 yards with Aguila HV Super Extra. First impressions of the scope are very good. You can aim at a 22 caliber bullet hole at 100 yards and the CDS type elevation dial tracked perfectly moving back and forth between yardages.

See our Christmas Gifts Suggestions For Hunters

Awesafe Gun Safe, Biometric Gun Safe for Pistols*

Awesafe Single Bedside Gun Safe $65 at AMAZONAwesafe 2-Handgun Bedside Gun Safe $119 at AMAZON

Scopes For 22LR Rimfire Rifles

The primary difference between a rimfire scope and a high-power rifle scope lies in their intended applications and the specific features designed to accommodate those applications. Rimfire scopes are without a paralax adjustment have are paralax free (in focus) at around 50 yards. High-power rifle scopes are paralax free at about 150 yards.

If you want a scope for your rimfire rifle, make sure to get a rimfire scope or a high-power rifle scope with a paralax adjustment or your image in the scope will be out of focus at short range, ie 25-75 yards.

Let’s explore the key distinctions:

Caliber Compatibility:

Rimfire Scope: Rimfire scopes are specifically designed for use with rimfire cartridges, such as .22 LR. These scopes are optimized to withstand the lower recoil and unique ballistics of rimfire ammunition.

High-Power Rifle Scope: High-power rifle scopes are designed to handle the recoil and performance of larger, high-powered centerfire cartridges, such as .308 Win or .30-06 Springfield.

Magnification Range:

Rimfire Scope: Rimfire scopes generally have lower magnification ranges, typically a 4X or variable ranging from 3x to 9x. This is because rimfire cartridges are typically used for shorter-range shooting.

High-Power Rifle Scope: High-power rifle scopes offer a wider range of magnification options, often starting around 3x or 4x and reaching higher levels, such as 12x, 16x, or even 24x. These scopes are intended for longer-range shooting where precision and target identification are crucial.

Parallax Adjustment:

Rimfire Scope: Rimfire scopes may or may not have parallax adjustment features since rimfire cartridges are typically used at shorter distances where parallax is less of a concern.

High-Power Rifle Scope: High-power rifle scopes often feature parallax adjustment knobs or side focus controls to help eliminate parallax error, especially when shooting at longer distances. Do not choose a high-power rifle scope for your rimfire without a paralax adjustment.

Turret Adjustments:

Rimfire Scope: Rimfire scopes usually have capped turrets or turrets with low-profile adjustments, as they are designed for shorter-range shooting where frequent adjustments are less common.

High-Power Rifle Scope: High-power rifle scopes often have exposed or tactical-style turrets that allow for quick and easy adjustments, facilitating precise shots at varying distances.

Reticle Options:

Rimfire Scope: Rimfire scopes typically feature simple reticles, such as duplex or basic crosshairs, suitable for shorter-range shooting and general target acquisition.

High-Power Rifle Scope: High-power rifle scopes often offer a wider selection of reticle options, including bullet drop compensating (BDC) reticles, mil-dot reticles, or even illuminated reticles, providing additional features for long-range shooting and holdover estimation.

It’s important to note that these differences are not absolute, and there can be variations within each category. Ultimately, the choice between a rimfire scope and a high-power rifle scope depends on your specific shooting needs, preferred shooting distances, and the caliber of your firearm.

Why The 22LR May Be Most Popular Cartridge In The World

The .22LR (Long Rifle) cartridge is often considered one of the most popular cartridges in the world for several reasons:

Versatility: The .22LR cartridge is highly versatile and can be used for various purposes. It is commonly used for plinking, target shooting, small game hunting, pest control, and even in some competitions. Its versatility makes it appealing to a wide range of shooters, from beginners to experienced enthusiasts.

Availability and Affordability: The .22LR cartridge is widely available in most regions of the world. Its popularity has led to widespread production and distribution by numerous ammunition manufacturers. Due to its popularity and high demand, it is generally more affordable compared to other centerfire cartridges, making it an accessible option for many shooters.

Low Recoil and Noise: The .22LR cartridge generates minimal recoil, which makes it comfortable to shoot, especially for beginners and those who prefer a milder shooting experience. Additionally, it produces relatively low noise compared to larger calibers, making it suitable for shooting in areas with noise restrictions or populated areas.

Firearm Options: The .22LR cartridge is compatible with a wide range of firearms, including handguns, rifles, and even some semi-automatic and bolt-action rifles specifically designed for this cartridge. The availability of different firearm options, ranging from small compact pistols to full-sized rifles, contributes to the cartridge’s popularity.

Skill Development and Training: The .22LR cartridge is an excellent tool for developing shooting skills and practicing marksmanship. Its low recoil, affordability, and reduced noise make it ideal for beginners to learn and improve their shooting techniques. Additionally, the low cost of ammunition allows for extended practice sessions without breaking the bank.

Recreational Shooting: Plinking, informal target shooting, and recreational shooting are popular activities among firearms enthusiasts. The .22LR cartridge’s affordability and versatility make it a preferred choice for these types of activities, as shooters can enjoy extended shooting sessions without spending a significant amount on ammunition.

It’s important to note that while the .22LR cartridge is popular for the reasons mentioned above, its effectiveness for certain purposes, such as self-defense or long-range shooting, may be limited. Shooters should always choose a cartridge appropriate for their specific needs and requirements.

History of CZ Firearms

CZ firearms, also known as Česká zbrojovka, have a rich and storied history. Here is an overview of the history of CZ firearms:

1. Origins and Early Years (1919-1945): Česká zbrojovka was founded in 1919 in Czechoslovakia, shortly after the end of World War I. The company initially produced military and civilian firearms. One of their notable early designs was the CZ Model 27 pistol, which became the standard sidearm for the Czechoslovak Armed Forces.
2. Post-War Developments (1945-1989): After World War II, CZ firearms continued to evolve and expand. They manufactured a range of firearms, including rifles, shotguns, and pistols. One of their significant contributions during this period was the CZ 75 pistol, introduced in 1975. The CZ 75 gained international recognition for its innovative design and reliability.
3. Privatization and Expansion (1990s-2000s): With the fall of communism in Czechoslovakia, Česká zbrojovka underwent privatization. The company underwent a reorganization and focused on modernizing their manufacturing processes. They continued to produce a diverse range of firearms and gained popularity for their quality craftsmanship and competitive pricing.
4. Global Success and Expansion (2010s-present): In recent years, CZ firearms have experienced significant global success. They have expanded their product line to include various models of pistols, rifles, shotguns, and submachine guns. CZ firearms have gained a reputation for their accuracy, reliability, and ergonomic designs, attracting a growing number of enthusiasts, competitive shooters, and military and law enforcement agencies worldwide.
5. Innovation and Future Outlook: CZ continues to innovate and introduce new firearms to the market. They have developed cutting-edge technologies, such as polymer-framed pistols and modular rifle platforms. Additionally, CZ has acquired several other firearms manufacturers, expanding their portfolio and establishing a presence in different segments of the market.

Overall, the history of CZ firearms is characterized by a commitment to quality, innovation, and meeting the needs of shooters around the world. From their humble beginnings to their global success, CZ firearms have established themselves as a respected brand in the firearms industry.

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How To Choose The Right Mobile Ham Radio?

Durability, Build Standards and Build Quality

You don’t want your ham radio to die on you when you rely on it the most, which is why durability is one of the most important things to consider when you are picking out a radio.

Some ham radios designed for mobile use, similar to handheld ham radios are built and tested according to strict military standards for shockproofing, waterproofing, and even mold. These are the best ham radios for you if you like to drive your Jeep through rocky and muddy roads.

Even if you are buying a radio for your base station or home setup, you should still opt for something that is built well. These units might not be waterproofed or encased in steel, but the quality of the buttons and knobs should be good enough to withstand frequent use.

Transmission Power Output

Many amateur radio users make the mistake of prioritizing high-power ham radios for their vehicles. After all, the higher the transmission power, the further it transmits, right?

While this is technically true, it shouldn’t be the only thing you look for when you are in the market for mobile radio. The transmission power you need depends on the type of communication you want to engage in.There is no sense in choosing a powerful 50 watts ham radio if you want to use your radio as an emergency unit – a normal two-way radio or VHF/UHF radio of up to 5W would suffice. But if you want to connect with other amateur radio operators all over the world, you would want a mobile radio that offers at least 25-50 watts of power.

At any rate, you should buy a radio that is compatible with an external antenna. This gives you the option to expand your coverage when you need it the most.

User-friendly And Intuitive Menu Setup & Operation

Ease of use is a must when choosing the best mobile ham radio. You don’t want to be distracted by scrolling through menu options when you are driving.

Well-designed ham radios utilize the hand mic for better one-handed control. These designs often include programmable buttons, frequency toggles, and a keypad. Moreover, some radios have a 180 degrees rotatable screen for easy monitoring.

When it comes to menu design, we would recommend choosing a radio that uses a streamlined menu system. Besides being more convenient, a bloated menu can also be frustrating and overwhelming.

Weight, Size And Phisical Factors

You can mount most radios in your dash with a mounting bracket. However, as they tend to get very hot, you might have to consider an alternate spot for your radio if you drive all day. Besides that, getting a bulky and heavy radio can also hamper your efforts to move it around.

Scan Function And Memory Storage

Scan function and memory storage allow you to scan available frequencies and save any channels that you like.

It is much easier to have a one-click scanning feature since you would most likely be driving when you use a mobile ham radio. Typically, you get about 200 slots in your channel storage, which is more than enough for most people.

Newer models offer more robust and convenient saving features. For example, some save your scanning preference so you don’t have to set it up again if your radio reboots. Some save your settings, like volume control and squelch, along with the frequency and channel names.

Curious about which baits are the most effective for crabbing? This article looks at some of the most common crab baits that commercial and recreational fishermen use to fill up their traps.

The crabbing industry accounts for 1.4 million tons of crabs for the dinner plate per year. [Source] Below are some popular baits commercial and recreational crabbers use to trap them.

1. Crab Attractant

Crab attractants are usually made from natural fish oil and other baits. Crab attractants are designed to increase the range of attraction to your trap.

While it is not required for crabbing, a crab attractant is recommended to increase your yield.

Pro-Cure Crab & Shrimp Attractant

This crab attractant is best for Dungeness crabs. From its name, Crab and Shrimp Attractant, it’s also suitable for shrimps, so it’s best if you’re aiming for multiple species.

It’s made from natural baits like fish oil, anise oil, amino acids, and salmon egg juice. Its unique amino acids give unparalleled versatility to all kinds of species.

Smelly Jelly Crab Attractant

Smelly Jelly is another unique and best crab bait that works quickly, attracting crabs and other small invertebrates, including shrimps.

Smelly Jelly Crab Attractant is best for blue crabs. This gel-based crab attractant lasts long on your bait and is simple to use.

2. Chicken Necks and Other Parts

Chicken necks are the best bait to catch blue crabs. Crabs love the stinky part of a chicken, like the lungs, liver, and neck. Chicken is excellent, as other bottom-feeding marine animals do not commonly consume it.

Meaning when used, it doesn’t make other species go after it.

Crabs will eat any meat that includes a chicken’s liver and neck. These are both super cheap, making them perfect for crabbing.

The liver adds a scent to the water, while chicken necks are tough and easy to tie.

3. Razor Clams

Razor clams are most crabs’ favorite for their great scent. You might be thinking of crushing the clams, but don’t. Razor clams capture better when left uncrushed.

Additionally, razor clams are also great as it is naturally part of grousers’ diet.

4. Anchovies/Small Fish

For some experienced anglers, anchovies or small fish are good as it’s easy to find in a local grocery store.

Anchovies don’t make a massive difference if it’s frozen or not, but it better be sure to use them fresh to get the smelly fish quality and attract more crabs. Anchovies, plentiful through the seas, can be caught and put inside the trap.

5. Mink Carcasses

Mink Carcasses work for their intense stinky scent. As known for their oily and versatile characteristics, mink carcasses are commonly used for crabbing operations.

6. Turkey Necks

As well as chicken meat, turkey neck also attracts crabs. You can use any part, but the legs and neck work best to entice a crab.

7. Squid

Squid is the best bait for crabbing too! Cutting into the squid a few times releases more scents under the water.

A squid might be a bit pricey and not ideal for anglers who want to go over cheaper ones, but it also makes a great combination with other baits.

8. Salmon Head

Salmon heads are an effective way of catching more crabs. Fish heads attract crabs as much as other crab bait.

You can get these for free or cheap at your local supermarket, which works very well. Its bony structure makes it last in the water for quite some time. You can also use tuna for its fishy scent.

9. Smelly Jelly

Crabs find food like smelly jelly attractive. This is most commonly used on bait applications.

Smelly jelly attracts crabs with its smell and encourages grousers to hold on to the bait longer. It works on any of your bait.

10. Cat or Dog Food

If you’re someone who doesn’t want to get the stinky fishy smell of fish on your hand, then cat food or dog food might be of good use to you. Some anglers put holes in the canned cat food before using it as crab bait.

However, they don’t seem to eat cat food or dog food compared to others. So, if you’re desperate to catch a large sum, you might want to opt-in to other baits like fresh food.

11. Eels

Commercial crabbers use eels. These are good for anglers who want to let the traps stay and check them on a time-to-time basis.

You can leave it on your traps and stay on the hook for a few weeks until it decomposes. You can use an eel by cutting it into small pieces before putting it into the cage trap.

12. Bunkers

Bunkers are the best crab baits for their pungent smell, which crabs love. Bunkers are small salty fish used for catching blue crab.

These baits should be kept in a well-ventilated, dry location for their strong oily scent. Bunkers are small in size, so it is easy to handle. These are frequently used as blue crab bait.

Bunkers are more aromatic than rotten fish. But crabs go mad for rotten fish in a net bag. If you can’t get your hands on rotten fish, raw chicken is probably the next best thing and is easier to buy.

Crab Bait Holders

Crab traps and bait holders vary in shape and size. Choosing a good one ensures it’s strong enough to hold the lure underwater and will not be easily caught off by the current.

Skylety Crab Trap Bait Bags

This bait bag is easy to hang, making it perfect for crab fishing. Make sure you choose the one with the appropriate size, durability, practical design, and easy installation.

SF Mesh Bait Bags with Rubber Locker

This lure holder is of high strength, enough to protect the bait inside and from crab scratches. The mesh size is also great for preventing quick lure loss and is suitable for small lures.

Tips For Setting Crab Bait

Before we end, let us leave some more tips on setting the grouser lure you have in your care.

Many crabbers prefer to place traps. Crabs have an excellent sense of smell. This helps them find their food. Although crabs are not notoriously picky about what they eat, crabs still love fresh baits.

In that case, make sure you keep the quality of fresher bait. Keeping its freshness and natural smell is as essential as setting your lure bait for the best!

Crab Baiting Is A Fun Activity

We hope we’ve helped you to choose the best ones!

You can use various lures; the bottom line is to use a strong fishy scent to attract the grousers more. Plus, make it even better by keeping it fresh.

Try other human foods such as hot dogs, cheese, or bacon when setting your grouser trap. Most importantly, consider the season, region, and species of the crab you aim to catch. Location and time of year will drastically alter the crab species that can be caught.

When it comes to picking the best boat accessories of any year, the Marine Equipment Trade Show (METS) is the place to be, where many brands launch their latest gadgets and tech due to hit the market. Every year the Yachting World team attends this event to get the inside line on the newest gadgets coming to the boating world.

METS is also the location of the illustrious DAME awards with one overall winner, five category winners and lots of special mentions, all of which form a good list of the best boat accessories and tech for 2024.

We’ve picked out our favourite award winners and looked at some of the other eye-catching innovations to bring you our list of the best boating kit for 2024.

Ocean Signal rescueMe PLB3

What is it? The first compact MOB beacon to combine AIS and satellite technology Who’s it for? Each and every person who puts to sea, particularly leisure sailors

This new personal beacon arguably presents the best possible chance for a MOB casualty to be rescued, even if they are incapacitated.

Ocean Signal has specialised in making compact antennae and personal beacons over the last decade. And, while you’ll have to forgive the barrage of acronyms, this rescueME PLB3 is very much the product many of us have been waiting for since personal MOB AIS beacons first started coming on the market.

By integrating Cospas Sarsat beacon technology, as used by global rescue services, with AIS, it has created the most powerful means of alerting others to a MOB or distress situation.

For those in VHF proximity to other vessels, the AIS MOB signal offers the most likely chance of a quick rescue. If this signal is not received by a vessel within range, then the 406MHz global satellite system will trigger a response suitable for the location.

The PLB3 combines GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning, 406MHz and 121.5MHz signals, plus the new Galileo Return Link Service (RLS) technology, which alerts users that their signal has been received, all within a unit the size of a conventional hand flare.

It also manages to include Near Field Communications (NFC), a clever and current method for users to monitor their beacon’s performance and maintenance requirements. This technology can help show a live digital record of the beacon by simply placing your phone within its range. An important benefit of this is knowing how much battery life is left – this PLB has a five year battery life but the battery is not rechargeable.

It features manual or auto activation and each PLB3 is registered, so if accidentally activated its owner will receive a phone call. But there is also an ‘off’ button, and you can check on the mobile app the amount of time it was activated for.

So why has this not been done before? Ocean Signal explained that until now there have been separate AIS and PLB standards, but that its engineering expert Simon Nolan sat on a committee to rewrite the regulations and help push through what is equivalent to a new EPIRB standard. The challenge was combining technologies at such a compact physical size while providing the battery power necessary to run the alarm for the required 24 hours.

“We could probably have got this one out earlier but to physically shrink battery size it needed a lot of work on it,” Nolan told us.

The DAME jury, a panel of experts looking at design and innovation at the METS, is chaired by designer Andre Hoek and includes former YW editor Elaine Bunting. The jury said: ‘in a rescue situation speed is always of the essence and this unit provides the very best chance for survival through this combination of long- and short-range detection.’ The waterproof rescueME PLB3 weighs 190g, measures 200x36x30mm and is now approved for sale in the UK and Europe.

See more at Ocean Signal

Note: We may earn a commission when you buy through links on our site, at no extra cost to you. This doesn’t affect our editorial independence.

Integrel Next Generation

What is it? A very high output alternator that can replace traditional generators, plus hybrid propulsion options Who’s it for? Cruising yachts with power generation requirements above 5kW per day

Four years ago Integrel launched an intelligent system allied to an extra large 9kW belt-driven alternator that makes use of the spare capacity that’s intrinsic in marine diesel engine installations. It was overall winner of the 2018 DAME awards and is now fitted as standard on an increasing number of new yachts, including all Balance Catamarans, which no longer have an optional diesel generator. It also features on the options list for many yards. High-profile clients include Riley Whitelum and Elayna Carausu of YouTube channel Sailing La Vagabond.

During the Covid lockdowns, when the company’s engineers were unable to travel internationally to complete or advise on installations, Integrel invested heavily in product development, massively accelerating the launch of new equipment, resulting in three new Next Generation products that won this year’s DAME awards Machinery, Propulsion, Mechanical and Electrical category.

The Integrel Inline performs exactly the same task as the original big alternator. However, instead of being a belt-driven device, it has a thin 10kW, 48V ‘pancake’ alternator that slots between the engine and gearbox. This lengthens the drivetrain by only 20cm, and dispenses with the belt drive to significantly reduce routine maintenance. It’s suitable for engines from around 30hp-200hp. The Integrel Plus is a powerful hybrid propulsion and charging solution, with an electric motor rated at 30kW continuous and 50kW peak output at the back of the diesel engine. This serves two functions – it can be used for propulsion over shorter distances and at lower speeds, such as when entering or leaving port. Alternatively it can be used as a massive alternator/generator to charge a 40kW battery bank when the diesel motor is running.

The final new item, the Integrel Ultra, has a Torque Boost function, for planing motoryachts that need a big burst of power for a few seconds to get on the plane, before throttling back to a comfortable cruising speed. Incorporating an electric motor with 100kW continuous (150kW peak) rating into the drivetrain allows that short-term boost power to come from batteries, rather than internal combustion engines. The engines can therefore be up to 40% smaller, reducing weight and significantly improving efficiency at cruising speeds. At displacement speeds the electric motor can be used as a very high-output alternator to recharge the battery bank, thereby rendering a separate generator unnecessary.

See more at Integrel Solutions

Simarine Nereide 3

This digital switching brand is increasingly popular on new yachts and its third generation product received a DAME nomination. New features include 80% lower power consumption, a bigger LCD screen, and soft labels for each of the 18 hard-wired tactile aluminium switches on the boat’s main panel.

This allows boatbuilders and owners to quickly and easily change the function of any switch to best suit the equipment fitted to an individual boat, or to neatly incorporate extra kit added after the boat leaves the factory. Button labels can be either static, or dynamic, with the latter combining multiple functions on a single button. For instance, you could have a single button for refrigeration that brings up a further menu with a switch for each individual fridge and freezer unit on board.

The system can therefore be used to control a huge number of devices, with a minimum of complexity for the end user. There are also separate modules for bilge pumps and for the main power switches. At the same time, it also includes back up manual switches and fuses, while Simarine’s excellent Pico battery and tank level monitoring display is built into the main Nereide 3 display. It’s also designed for plug-and-play compatibility with Sentinel Marine’s BM-50 Remote Management System.

See more at Simarine

Aqua superPower

As electric propulsion becomes more and more widely adopted, the need for fast electric charging escalates. Aqua superPower is rolling out the world’s first dedicated global marine fast charging network across Europe and the US. Its knowledge and experience stems from the automotive world (it built up the UK network for automotive fast chargers). Aqua offers the backend part, the safe chargers for docks and marinas, using IP-65-rated waterproof hardware.

Typical shorepower connections are designed for slow overnight charging, whereas superPower uses ultrafast 25kW-150kW DC charging. This gives the potential to recharge battery power on both leisure and commercial boats to over 60% in just 40 minutes. Considering the mix of high voltage with the marine environment, a key component is Aqua’s use of CCS Type 2 standard connectors, which the company says are completely safe, even if dropped in the water.

Its business model is aimed at encouraging marinas to install them on a long lease.

With the demand for higher and higher charges comes the need for faster chargers. “Our network is designed to create a seamless user experience that is accessible to boat users via the Aqua app or RFID card, enabling users to view a map showing charger locations, offering navigational aids, and managing charging sessions,” says CEO Alex Bamberg.”

See more at Aqua superPower

Cyclops Marine Wireless Load Pin

Over the past 15 years load sensing has changed from a technology in its infancy even on the latest IMOCA 60s to widespread use in fleets such as J/70s and two-handed racing in small offshore yachts. Part of this is down to companies such as Cyclops Marine producing streamlined systems that are simple to swap for the original components, thus making retrofitting very easy.

Yet the results can be dramatic. Kate Cope, organiser of the UK double-handed offshore series told us that when she fitted one to her Sun Fast 3200R2 it showed she was 400kg short of forestay tension when sailing upwind in strong breezes. Cranking on more backstay boosted boat speed by 5-8% by preventing the boat being overpowered, thereby reducing heel and rudder drag.

The Cyclops Marine Wireless Load Pin was DAME nominated as its a straightforward drop-in replacement for a standard rigging pin and is the first load pin that doesn’t need to be wired in. The 27.5mm size entered in the DAME awards is suitable for the cap shrouds of 55ft cruising catamarans (which allows an alarm to be set to warn of the boat becoming close to being overpowered) or the forestay of a similar sized racing monohull.

See more at Cyclops Marine

ePropulsion I-20 electric inboard

ePropulsion’s I range of electric inboard motors for shaft drive boats is intended to be easy to fit on existing engine beds. This makes retrofitting easy and allows boatbuilders to offer both diesel and electric propulsion for the same model.

Initially the range consists of three models, at 10, 20 and 40kW, equivalent to 30, 55 and 75hp diesel inboards respectively. The smaller unit is air-cooled, while water cooling is recommended for the larger two. All have integrated battery management systems to simplify installation and save space. At the same time the company launched a complementary 96V 10kW G-series lithium-ion phosphate battery.

As with all other ePropulsion units, regeneration is included at standard. Real-world testing has yet to take place, but for the I-20 unit calculations show 250W at 5 knots of boat speed, 500W at 6 knots of speed and 1,300W at 8 knots.

See more at ePropulsion

Karver KJSK

This French company won a special mention for its Karver Jammer Staysail Kit (KJSK), an easy set-up for rigging an inner forestay for a heavy weather or storm jib.

It’s designed for use with furling sails that incorporate their own textile forestay and Karver recommends a halyard lock to eliminate movement and wear over the sheave.

Tensioning is via a 3:1 tackle that can be taken directly aft to a winch, using a snatchblock if necessary to create a fair lead. Once taught, the built-in cleat allows this line to be taken off the winch and coiled up out of the way. Attachment to the deck is via either metallic fastenings or high-tech lashing.

See more at Karver

Mantus dinghy navlight

This looks like a handy tricolour light for use on a dinghy which could also double as an emergency navigation light. The light has US Coast Guard approval for two miles. It has five modes including tricolour and bicolour and it’s possible to select between the three colours – for use as only a stern light for example. The Mantus light is waterproof to IPX8 and has fittings to allow it to clamp onto a rail, or attach to an engine cowling using a 3M pad. Where the base is permanent the body can quickly disconnect which makes it useful for USB charging. A full three hour charge gives the light approximately eight hours use – which should prove plenty for dinghy use.

See more at Mantus Marine

Secumar Furio

Watersports enthusiasts typically rely only on buoyancy aids, rather than full lifejackets that will support a casualty’s head above the water if they become unconscious. However, that’s far from an ideal situation, especially for those who are becoming older, or are practising watersports in an area without immediate safety cover.

The Furio is a solution – it’s a conventional buoyancy aid with 50N of flotation, plus features a PLB pouch, back protection and integrated provision for a harness hook. However, it also has a 110N inflatable bladder that transforms it into a full manually activated 160N lifejacket.

See more at Secumar

Regatta Safelock

A shocking statistic from the RNLI’s free lifejacket inspections a few years ago was that the inflation cylinders of roughly one third of those checked were not fully screwed home and therefore at risk of not inflating properly. Regatta and Aalesund Protective Wear have solved the problem with this neat friction device that physically prevents the cylinder rotating after installation.

The two models offered enable retrofitting to the almost ubiquitous UML MK5 and Pro Sensor Elite lifejacket trigger mechanisms. DAME judges praised the Safelock, saying it was: ‘An excellent example of how clever design thinking can resolve long-standing problems.’

See more at Regatta

Rooster Aquafleece Robe

Changing robes may have become the ubiquitous watersports fashion statement, but at least they have a practical element. This is a versatile offering from Rooster as it has a removable, washable fleece lining.

Founder Steve Cockerill explained to us that his company wanted to offer a changing robe, but “we wanted to do something different, make it unique.” It uses Rooster’s proven durable Aquafleece material as the outer layer, which is a fully waterproof PU coated fleece, permeable but not enough to call breathable. Inside is a teddy fleece liner made from recycled polyester, which can be removed to be washed and so kept fresh.

See more at Rooster Sailing

Boatasy Ropecleaner

From the makers of Ghook comes another ‘simple works best’ product for cleaning the typically muddy and barnacle encrusted stern docking lines found in many marinas, particularly in the Med. During its studies Boatasy found that giving a rectangular shape to the spiral metal works best on dock lines and its tool makes it quick and easy to attach onto lines up to 32mm diameter. The sharp inside edges of the stainless steel cut away algae, dirt and shells, says sales manager Gregor Jeretič. He estimates that just 10 minutes of using this to clean the lines three times a year is all that would be needed to keep them fouling free and without needing to hire a diver or using chemicals.

See more at Boatasy

Roll-up emergency VHF antenna

Historically, emergency VHF antennas had a short and stubby antenna, which can limit range. Shakespeare improved on this a couple of years ago with the inflatable Galaxy INFL8-5 VHF antenna, which incorporates a full-length aerial.

Revolve, a spin-off of a firm producing roll-up antennae using carbon fibre for military and search and rescue use, is now employing the same technology to produce a 2.5m high antenna with a 3/4 wave dipole antenna embedded within the laminate. It takes only seconds to unroll and includes a strobe light at the top. It won a DAME special mention.

The company also produces a roll-up boat hook with accessories including soft and hard bristle deck brush heads.

See more at Revolvetec

Foam anchor

Deck and sunlounging cushions, together with saloon seat backs are big business today. But they need to stay in place – how many broken buttons or Velcro fastenings have you seen? Here is a simple but practical solution which uses powerful magnets embedded in the foam of cushions, rather than trying to connect fabric to fabric.

The New Zealand company claims they will last forever and will not rust as they use aircraft grade epoxy coated magnets and marine grade stainless steel fixings. Depending on the application, either strips or single points can be used and after installation they are invisible. Magnets can even be glued behind surfaces so they’re not visible. They can be retrofitted into any furniture and all cover materials.

See more at Foam-Anchor

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Differences between Striped Bass and Hybrid Striped Bass

Can you tell the difference between a striped bass and a hybrid striped bass?

What is a Hybrid?

Hybrid striped bass (also known as a wiper or whiterock bass) is a hatchery-created hybrid between the pure striped bass and the white bass. As seen in the image below, hybrid can be distinguished from pure striper by the broken horizontal stripes going down the side of the body. Pure striped bass have solid lines from head to tail fin.

In addition to the differences in stripe patterns, hybrid striped bass also tend to have a deeper body (from dorsal fin to ventral fin; back to belly). Pure striped bass are more slender and skinnier.

Size-wise, hybrid striped bass are fast-growing but typically max out in length midway between its parents; a 10- or 12-pounder is considered a great catch!

Hybrid striped bass are known for aggressive feeding habits which makes them highly sought-after by anglers. Often schooling by the thousands, these stocked fish surface feed on local baitfish found in Wallenpaupack such as alewife. Often called “breaking”, this surface feeding makes the fish visible and easy to catch on a wide array of lures and baits. Popular lures include casting spoons, buck-tail jigs, soft-body plastic fish replicas, and inline spinners.

Pure Striped Bass

The striped bass has a slimmer profile, more streamlined than a striped bass hybrid, until it reaches a weight of five to 10 pounds, when its body becomes heavy-looking. The sides are silvery to pale silvery-green, shading to white on the belly. There are seven or eight distinct (unbroken) dark stripes that run laterally on the side of the body. Young striped bass do not have dark lateral stripes, but instead have dusky bars.

Pure striped bass catches in the 15- to 20-pound range are not uncommon in Pennsylvania. In fact, the Pennsylvania state records both for marine and landlocked striped bass are over 50 pounds!

Even landlocked striped bass instinctively migrate upstream in the spring to spawn, traveling into the mouths of large freshwater rivers. Water temperature signals spawning time, with some spawning occurring at 55 degrees, but most at 60 to 67 degrees.

In lakes, pure striped bass move according to temperature and dissolved oxygen in the lake favoring cooler arms within the body of water during the hot summer. Striped bass feed on just about anything alive that is available. Young striped bass eat microcrustaceans, or zooplankton, and midge larvae. As they grow, their diet changes to other fish. As adults, striped bass live in roving schools, feeding mostly at night.

So, What’s in Lake Wallenpaupack?

The Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission stocks pure and hybrid striped bass and has been since 2000. On record, they’ve stocked over 46 million pure striped bass fingerlings and fry and over 226,000 hybrid fingerling (source).

Stocked fingerlings typically reach legal length (20”) by the end of their fourth growing season!

2015 Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission Biologist Report of Lake Wallenpaupack

Examples from Local Anglers

Pure Striped BassHybrid Striped Bass Mike SwingleMike Swingle Jeff AntellJeff Antell John Cook Joe Kreylin Will Hazimof Kevin Carr Greg Edwards

Turtles might be seemingly harmless little creatures, but don’t let their slow movements fool you. These creatures can wreak some serious havoc in your pond.

In general, turtles in a pond are not a pleasant experience, and they can present dangers and issues you may never have considered before. That being said, if you catch a glimpse of turtles in your pond, then you should consider creating a plan to remove them as soon as possible.

To help you get started, let’s break down the potential issues turtles can cause inside your pond, as well as a few methods you can use to safely and humanely remove them from your pond.

The Good and the Bad of Turtles in a Pond

Turtles play a part in ecological balance. They are omnivorous. They eat dead animals, plant matter, and even sick fish, so having them around can potentially improve the quality of your pond water. However, these minor gains are far outweighed by the problems they can cause.

Turtles are natural scavengers. They will locate the fish in your pond and feed on their eggs, as well as their food. Turtles are also known to eat live fish (which can be a problem if your pond has goldfish, koi, or other ornamental fish) and will even consume aquatic plants you cultivate. Because of this, a surge in the turtle population of your pond can quickly deplete your pond of fish, plants, and every other thing (living or dead) within a short period.

Snapping turtles are especially problematic as they can be aggressive if provoked and can even transmit diseases (like salmonella) to humans.

How to Get Rid of Turtles in a Pond

1. Trapping turtles

The most efficient way to remove turtles from a pond is to trap them. The type of trap you use will depend on the kind of turtle you’re dealing with. In most cases, you can use a submerged turtle trap for a pond or a floating turtle trap. The former is the most effective method for snapping turtles and soft-shell turtles, while the latter works best on red-eared sliders and other turtles that lay in the sun.

You will need to take particular care to catch turtles in a pond with a submerged trap. Here are some tips on how to do it right:

• You should set the trap in shallow water, so choose an area shallow enough for only the top of the trap sticks to be above the water
• Dig into the mud just below the water, creating a hole in which the trap will snugly fit, and then push the trap in until it’s secure
• For turtle bait, you can use lettuce, worms, vegetables, or even a can of tuna with holes punched in it
• You should scout out the location where you believe the turtles live. If you have seen them congregate by a rocky section in a nearby pond, this is probably the best place to put your trap.

2. Manual removal

Another way to get turtles out of a pond is with your own two hands. If you have a medium-sized pond, you can catch turtles in a pond with a net. To do so, you will need a telescoping pond net to scoop the turtles out of the pond.

As another option, you can use a hook and line to remove snapping turtles. This method can be time-consuming, but effective. Similar to fishing, this process would require you to attach a treble hook to a line, and bait the hook with pieces of fish or meat. Tie the string or fishing line to a tree or root and completely submerge the hook in the water.

3. Call a professional

As a final method, you can always call a professional turtle removal service. These experts will know the best way to get rid of turtles in your pond and will have the right tools, insight, and knowledge to complete the task efficiently and legally.

Relocating Turtles

Once you capture the turtles, you’ll need to relocate them. There may also be laws that protect certain turtle species. That is why relocating your captured foe is the best option.

You should contact your local conservation or the Department of Wildlife to inform them of your plans and to seek legal advice.

Keep in mind, putting new turtles in a specific location may increase competition for scarce food resources. It is also possible that the turtles you capture may have a disease, and if you move them to a new location, they will spread it among a new population of turtles.

Whichever method you use to capture pond turtles, you should never handle these creatures without proper protective gear. Even if the turtle is in a cage, you should wear protective gloves to avoid direct contact with it.

How to Keep Turtles Out of Your Pond

1. Yard fence

Fencing your property will keep turtles and other predators off of your property and away from your pond. While this is a highly effective method of turtle control, it can be costly.

2. Perimeter fence

Putting up a small one-to-two-foot-high barrier around your pond may help prevent turtles from getting into it. This is a less costly option, but it can ruin the aesthetic value of your pond.

3. Pond netting

Placing a mesh pond net over your pond is an inexpensive and effective way to protect your pond from turtle intrusions. This is certainly the least expensive option of the three. It is possible to find a pond net that is barely visible, thus helping you preserve the aesthetic value of your water space.

The Bottom Line: How to remove turtles from ponds

Although turtles can enhance the look of your pond and even contribute to the quality of the water, the harm caused by their presence outweighs any good they might do.

At the same time, however, attempting to hunt down and remove each turtle one by one might be an unnecessary and inefficient way of removing turtles from your pond. And it is important to remember that any attempt to kill these creatures may put you on the wrong side of the law. Always review the rules and regulations regarding turtle capture and removal for your area.

In general, it is much better to capture turtles with traps or consult with a professional. Companies with expertise and experience in this field can help you get rid of turtles in your pond quickly, safely, and humanely.