By Yamil Sued

The 10mm Auto is an undeniably powerful round, born in the mid-1980s from disappointment with the perceived inadequate performance of the 9mm. The cartridge was designed from the ground up to have immense stopping power, and it would prove itself to be a capable performer in both self-defense and hunting applications.

Testing the Perception

But how powerful is it, exactly? We all hear about how terrific the 10mm is, but what if we perform a 10mm gel test to see what kind of penetration and expansion we can expect?

I decided to do just that, taking a Springfield Armory Range Officer Elite Operator 10mm 1911 and running three different full power 10mm loads through it and into ballistic gelatin. Check out my video above to see how it all did on the range.

For this 10mm ammo comparison, I selected three loads, all with bullets weighing 200 grains. These loads covered both high-performance 10mm self defense ammo as well as basic range ammunition. I tested Federal Personal Defense HST, Speer Gold Dot Personal Protection Gold Dot Hollowpoint, and CCI Blazer FMJ range ammunition. Both of the full power personal protection loads used proven hollowpoint bullet designs while the range load used a 10mm FMJ projectile.

10mm Ballistics Performance

I set up a 32″-deep batch of ballistic gelatin and set about running all three loads through the RO Elite Operator 10mm. I was very impressed with the performance of all three loads and found that the 10mm does really push out some power.

Hollow Point vs. FMJ in Ballistics Gel

When testing 10mm penetration, both the Speer and Federal drove to roughly 18″ deep in the gelatin (within 1″ of each other), and expanded very nicely. These are both very powerful and effective rounds.

With the Blazer load, the FMJ punched clean through all 32″ of the gelatin, and impacted heavily on the safety berm behind it.

Excessive penetration is generally not preferred for defensive ammunition. While FMJ loads are great for paper targets, they simply do not expand in an attacker and will generally overpenetrate as this 10mm gel test shows.

I also chronographed all three 200-gr. loads to see how they performed. The Federal HST came in at an average of 1,130 fps, the Speer Gold Dot at 1,100 fps, and the Blazer ammo at 1,030 fps.

Conclusion

My test was intended to show 10mm ammunition performance and penetration, both full power self defense ammo and FMJ target ammunition.

I think that the results speak for themselves — the 10mm is an undeniably powerful round, and one that clearly will excel in both a hunting and self-defense role.

Editor’s Note: Please be sure to check out the new The Armory Life forum, where you can comment about our daily articles, as well as just talk guns and gear. Click the “Go To Forum Thread” link below to jump in!

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Final Verdict

If you’re looking for a tote-everywhere flask, Stanley’s Classic Flask can’t be beaten, hitting the perfect sweet spot of affordable, thoughtfully constructed, and durable. If you’re working with a larger budget, Snow Peak’s Titanium Curve Flask has built up a loyal fan base for a reason.

What to Look For in a Flask

Use

The most important question to consider is how will you use it? Is this going to be slipped into a bag, purse, or pocket for sipping on the sly? Will you take it with you for walking and adventuring in the outdoors? Your intended use is a strong determining factor for what type of flask to purchase.

Material

Similar to use, the material is important. You might prefer something lightweight; typically, stainless steel isn’t a very heavy material for flasks, and it’s easy to clean. Maybe you need a material that’s more durable or that’s got some reinforcements around the edges with silicone. Perhaps you’re looking to gift a flask and like the looks of those wrapped in leather or other materials. Some flasks will benefit from polishing, too, to keep them shiny; that’s another consideration. How much do you want to have to fuss with your flask?

Capacity

Flasks can vary quite a bit in their capacity for liquid. Many hover around 6 ounces, but others can hold up to 8, 10, or even 11 ounces. Some are oversized and designed that way (such as those that can hold up an entire bottle of wine), which makes them great for taking on the go and sharing with others.

FAQs

What should a flask be made from?

Most flasks (although not all) are made from high-grade stainless steel that resists rusting and can be cleaned easily. The exterior can be polished but doesn’t scratch easily, and stainless steel doesn’t typically impart any taste to whatever contents you put in the flask.

How do you clean a flask?

The easy answer is soap and water. But if your flask has started to take on a smell, a bottle brush will help get into the corners for a deeper clean. Boiling water will help break down lingering scents, or if you’re looking for something more heavy-duty, add white vinegar or lemon juice and water to the flask, close it up, and give it a good shake. Rinse several times in hot water to remove that acidic smell.

How many ounces/liquid does a flask hold?

Flasks are available in a range of sizes, though the standard flask holds 8 ounces. Larger flasks are available if you’re carrying drinks for two.

What alcohol is best for a flask?

The best thing to sip from a flask is hard liquor, be it scotch, rum, bourbon, brandy, or gin. Anything below 40% ABV—that means beer, wine, and cocktails—will not keep well in a flask.

Why Trust Liquor.com?

Kate Dingwall is an experienced spirits writer and glassware collector. She has been writing about the bar and spirits world for five years, from the best glassware to the most spirited tomes.

Read Next: The Best Whiskey Decanters

Now, let’s get to the question at hand: do eagles eat cats?

The short answer is yes, they can. However, it’s not a common occurrence.

Eagles are fascinating creatures, known for their majestic flight and sharp talons.

But have you ever wondered what they eat?

Read Aslo: Do Alligators Eat Ducks?

Eagles and Cats

They are opportunistic hunters and will go after any prey that presents itself as an easy target.

Cats, especially outdoor cats, can be vulnerable to eagle attacks if they are outside and unattended.

This is more likely to happen in areas where eagles are abundant and there is a shortage of other prey.

Real-Life Examples

There have been a few documented cases of eagles attacking and eating cats.

In 2015, a bald eagle was captured on camera carrying off a small domestic cat in British Columbia, Canada.

Similarly, in 2019, a golden eagle was spotted carrying a dead cat in its talons in Scotland. These incidents are rare, but they do happen.

How to Protect Your Cat

If you’re a cat owner, you may be wondering what you can do to protect your furry friend from eagle attacks.

The best thing you can do is keep your cat indoors.

Not only will this protect them from potential eagle attacks, but it will also keep them safe from other outdoor dangers like cars and other animals.

If you must let your cat outside, make sure you supervise them and don’t leave them outside for long periods of time.

You can also invest in a cat enclosure that will allow your cat to enjoy the outdoors while still being protected from predators.

5 Ways to Protect Your Cats from Eagles:

1. Keep Your Cat Indoors

One of the most effective ways to protect your cat from eagle attacks is to keep them indoors.

This section will discuss the benefits of indoor cats, including protection from predators like eagles.

We will provide tips on how to keep your cat stimulated and happy while indoors, and how to create a safe and comfortable indoor environment.

2. Supervise Your Cat When Outside

If you do allow your cat outside, it is important to supervise them to minimize the risk of an eagle attack.

This section will provide tips on how to monitor your cat’s outdoor activities, including how to use a harness and leash, and how to create a safe outdoor enclosure.

3. Secure Your Outdoor Enclosure

For cat owners who want to provide their cats with outdoor access, a secure outdoor enclosure can be a good compromise.

This section will provide tips on how to create a secure outdoor enclosure for your cat, including how to choose the right materials and how to design the enclosure to prevent eagle attacks.

4. Be Vigilant During Eagle Nesting Season

Eagles are most likely to attack cats during their nesting season, which varies depending on the species and location.

This section will provide advice on how to be vigilant during eagle nesting season, including how to recognize signs of eagle activity and how to adjust your cat’s outdoor routine during this time.

5. Work with Your Community to Protect Wildlife

Protecting wildlife, including eagles, is a community effort.

This section will discuss how cat owners can work with their communities to protect wildlife habitats and reduce the risk of eagle attacks.

We will provide tips on how to get involved in local conservation efforts and how to educate others about the importance of coexisting with wildlife.

Eagles: Top Predators of the Sky

Eagles are powerful and majestic birds of prey known for their keen eyesight and impressive hunting skills.

This section will provide an overview of the different species of eagles, their habitats, and their role as top predators in the ecosystem.

We will discuss how eagles use their sharp talons and beaks to capture and kill their prey, and examine the different types of prey that they typically hunt.

The Diet of Eagles

Eagles are birds of prey and are known for their carnivorous diet.

They primarily hunt small mammals such as rodents, rabbits, and squirrels, but they also eat larger prey like deer and coyotes.

Eagles have even been known to attack and eat other birds, including other raptors like hawks and owls.

What Do Eagles Eat? A Look at Their Diet

In this section, we will explore the diverse diet of eagles and the different types of prey that they hunt.

We will discuss the hunting techniques that eagles use to capture their prey, including aerial attacks and swooping dives.

We will also look at how eagles adapt their hunting strategies to their environment and the availability of food sources.

Can Eagles Eat Cats? Understanding Their Prey Preferences

This section will delve into the main question of the article: can eagles eat cats?

We will examine the factors that influence an eagle’s choice of prey, including the size and agility of the prey, and the eagle’s own physical capabilities.

We will also discuss whether domestic cats are a common prey item for eagles, and if so, in what circumstances.

Eagle Attacks on Pets: What You Need to Know

Sadly, eagle attacks on pets are not uncommon in areas where eagles and domestic animals coexist.

This section will provide examples of reported eagle attacks on domestic pets, including cats.

We will also discuss the signs that an eagle may be targeting a pet, and provide advice on what to do if you suspect an eagle is threatening your pet.

Living in an Eagle Habitat: Keeping Your Pets Safe

For pet owners who live in areas where eagles are known to hunt, there are several steps you can take to keep your pets safe.

This section will provide practical advice on how to minimize the risk of eagle attacks, including keeping your pets indoors or supervised when outside, and securing outdoor enclosures as eagles eat cats.

The Importance of Wildlife Conservation and Coexistence

Eagles and other wildlife play a critical role in the ecosystem, and it is important to protect them and their habitats.

In this section, we will discuss the importance of conservation efforts to preserve eagle populations and their prey.

We will also explore the concept of coexistence and how humans can learn to live alongside eagles and other wildlife.

Eagle Myths and Legends from Around the World

Eagles have been a part of human mythology and culture for thousands of years.

This section will share interesting myths and legends about eagles from different cultures around the world.

From Native American traditions to ancient Greek mythology, we will explore the many ways that eagles have been revered and celebrated throughout history.

Coexisting with Eagles and Other Wildlife

We will emphasize the importance of respecting and protecting all types of wildlife, and share resources for those interested in learning more about eagle conservation and coexistence.

FAQs

Are cats scared of eagles?

Yes, cats are usually scared of eagles because eagles are natural predators and can pose a threat to them.

Is an eagle stronger than a cat?

Yes, eagles are much stronger than cats.

They have powerful talons and can carry prey that is much heavier than a cat.

Do eagles eat animals?

Yes, eagles are carnivorous and primarily eat other animals.

Their diet consists mainly of fish and small mammals such as rabbits and rodents.

Do eagles attack humans?

Eagles do not usually attack humans, but they can become aggressive if they feel threatened or if their territory is invaded.

What is eagle afraid of?

Eagles are afraid of large predators such as bears and wolves, as well as humans.

They may also be scared of loud noises and sudden movements.

Can a human win a fight with an eagle?

No, it is highly unlikely that a human could win a fight against an eagle.

Eagles are powerful predators with sharp talons and a strong beak.

What is more powerful than an eagle?

There are few predators that are more powerful than an eagle, but some examples include grizzly bears, crocodiles, and killer whales.

What is the biggest bird of prey?

The largest bird of prey is the Andean condor, which can have a wingspan of over 10 feet and weigh up to 33 pounds.

Read Also: Can Ducks Eat Sunflower Seeds? What You Need To Know

Who is stronger, a human or an eagle?

Eagles are much stronger than humans in terms of physical abilities such as strength and speed.

What is the weakness of an eagle?

One weakness of an eagle is that they are vulnerable to environmental threats such as habitat loss, pollution, and climate change.

They may also be susceptible to disease and parasites.

Eagles are opportunistic hunters and will go after any prey that presents itself as an easy target.

As a cat owner, it’s important to take precautions to keep your cat safe from potential eagle attacks.

Whether that means keeping them indoors or supervising them while they’re outside, it’s better to be safe than sorry as eagles eat cats.

They are opportunistic hunters and will go after any prey that presents itself as an easy target.

Cats, especially outdoor cats, can be vulnerable to eagle attacks if they are outside and unattended.

This is more likely to happen in areas where eagles are abundant and there is a shortage of other prey.

Real-Life Examples

There have been a few documented cases of eagles attacking and eating cats.

In 2015, a bald eagle was captured on camera carrying off a small domestic cat in British Columbia, Canada.

Similarly, in 2019, a golden eagle was spotted carrying a dead cat in its talons in Scotland. These incidents are rare, but they do happen.

How to Protect Your Cat

If you’re a cat owner, you may be wondering what you can do to protect your furry friend from eagle attacks.

The best thing you can do is keep your cat indoors.

Not only will this protect them from potential eagle attacks, but it will also keep them safe from other outdoor dangers like cars and other animals.

If you must let your cat outside, make sure you supervise them and don’t leave them outside for long periods of time.

You can also invest in a cat enclosure that will allow your cat to enjoy the outdoors while still being protected from predators.

5 Ways to Protect Your Cats from Eagles:

1. Keep Your Cat Indoors

One of the most effective ways to protect your cat from eagle attacks is to keep them indoors.

This section will discuss the benefits of indoor cats, including protection from predators like eagles.

We will provide tips on how to keep your cat stimulated and happy while indoors, and how to create a safe and comfortable indoor environment.

2. Supervise Your Cat When Outside

If you do allow your cat outside, it is important to supervise them to minimize the risk of an eagle attack.

This section will provide tips on how to monitor your cat’s outdoor activities, including how to use a harness and leash, and how to create a safe outdoor enclosure.

3. Secure Your Outdoor Enclosure

For cat owners who want to provide their cats with outdoor access, a secure outdoor enclosure can be a good compromise.

This section will provide tips on how to create a secure outdoor enclosure for your cat, including how to choose the right materials and how to design the enclosure to prevent eagle attacks.

4. Be Vigilant During Eagle Nesting Season

Eagles are most likely to attack cats during their nesting season, which varies depending on the species and location.

This section will provide advice on how to be vigilant during eagle nesting season, including how to recognize signs of eagle activity and how to adjust your cat’s outdoor routine during this time.

5. Work with Your Community to Protect Wildlife

Protecting wildlife, including eagles, is a community effort.

This section will discuss how cat owners can work with their communities to protect wildlife habitats and reduce the risk of eagle attacks.

We will provide tips on how to get involved in local conservation efforts and how to educate others about the importance of coexisting with wildlife.

Eagles: Top Predators of the Sky

Eagles are powerful and majestic birds of prey known for their keen eyesight and impressive hunting skills.

This section will provide an overview of the different species of eagles, their habitats, and their role as top predators in the ecosystem.

We will discuss how eagles use their sharp talons and beaks to capture and kill their prey, and examine the different types of prey that they typically hunt.

The Diet of Eagles

Eagles are birds of prey and are known for their carnivorous diet.

They primarily hunt small mammals such as rodents, rabbits, and squirrels, but they also eat larger prey like deer and coyotes.

Eagles have even been known to attack and eat other birds, including other raptors like hawks and owls.

What Do Eagles Eat? A Look at Their Diet

In this section, we will explore the diverse diet of eagles and the different types of prey that they hunt.

We will discuss the hunting techniques that eagles use to capture their prey, including aerial attacks and swooping dives.

We will also look at how eagles adapt their hunting strategies to their environment and the availability of food sources.

Can Eagles Eat Cats? Understanding Their Prey Preferences

This section will delve into the main question of the article: can eagles eat cats?

We will examine the factors that influence an eagle’s choice of prey, including the size and agility of the prey, and the eagle’s own physical capabilities.

We will also discuss whether domestic cats are a common prey item for eagles, and if so, in what circumstances.

Table of Contents

Toggle

• Eagles and Cats
• Real-Life Examples
  • How to Protect Your Cat
• 5 Ways to Protect Your Cats from Eagles:
  • 1. Keep Your Cat Indoors
  • 2. Supervise Your Cat When Outside
  • 3. Secure Your Outdoor Enclosure
  • 4. Be Vigilant During Eagle Nesting Season
  • 5. Work with Your Community to Protect Wildlife
• Eagles: Top Predators of the Sky
• The Diet of Eagles
• What Do Eagles Eat? A Look at Their Diet
• Can Eagles Eat Cats? Understanding Their Prey Preferences
• Eagle Attacks on Pets: What You Need to Know
• Living in an Eagle Habitat: Keeping Your Pets Safe
• The Importance of Wildlife Conservation and Coexistence
• Eagle Myths and Legends from Around the World
• Coexisting with Eagles and Other Wildlife
• FAQs
  • Are cats scared of eagles?
  • Is an eagle stronger than a cat?
  • Do eagles eat animals?
  • Do eagles attack humans?
  • What is eagle afraid of?
  • Can a human win a fight with an eagle?
  • What is more powerful than an eagle?
  • What is the biggest bird of prey?
  • Who is stronger, a human or an eagle?
  • What is the weakness of an eagle?
• Real-Life Examples
  • How to Protect Your Cat
• 5 Ways to Protect Your Cats from Eagles:
  • 1. Keep Your Cat Indoors
  • 2. Supervise Your Cat When Outside
  • 3. Secure Your Outdoor Enclosure
  • 4. Be Vigilant During Eagle Nesting Season
  • 5. Work with Your Community to Protect Wildlife
• Eagles: Top Predators of the Sky
• The Diet of Eagles
• What Do Eagles Eat? A Look at Their Diet
• Can Eagles Eat Cats? Understanding Their Prey Preferences
• Eagle Attacks on Pets: What You Need to Know
• Living in an Eagle Habitat: Keeping Your Pets Safe
• The Importance of Wildlife Conservation and Coexistence
• Eagle Myths and Legends from Around the World
• Coexisting with Eagles and Other Wildlife
• FAQs
  • Are cats scared of eagles?
  • Is an eagle stronger than a cat?
  • Do eagles eat animals?
  • Do eagles attack humans?
  • What is eagle afraid of?
  • Can a human win a fight with an eagle?
  • What is more powerful than an eagle?
  • What is the biggest bird of prey?
  • Who is stronger, a human or an eagle?

Eagle Attacks on Pets: What You Need to Know

Sadly, eagle attacks on pets are not uncommon in areas where eagles and domestic animals coexist.

This section will provide examples of reported eagle attacks on domestic pets, including cats.

We will also discuss the signs that an eagle may be targeting a pet, and provide advice on what to do if you suspect an eagle is threatening your pet.

Living in an Eagle Habitat: Keeping Your Pets Safe

For pet owners who live in areas where eagles are known to hunt, there are several steps you can take to keep your pets safe.

This section will provide practical advice on how to minimize the risk of eagle attacks, including keeping your pets indoors or supervised when outside, and securing outdoor enclosures as eagles eat cats.

The Importance of Wildlife Conservation and Coexistence

Eagles and other wildlife play a critical role in the ecosystem, and it is important to protect them and their habitats.

In this section, we will discuss the importance of conservation efforts to preserve eagle populations and their prey.

We will also explore the concept of coexistence and how humans can learn to live alongside eagles and other wildlife.

Eagle Myths and Legends from Around the World

Eagles have been a part of human mythology and culture for thousands of years.

This section will share interesting myths and legends about eagles from different cultures around the world.

From Native American traditions to ancient Greek mythology, we will explore the many ways that eagles have been revered and celebrated throughout history.

Coexisting with Eagles and Other Wildlife

We will emphasize the importance of respecting and protecting all types of wildlife, and share resources for those interested in learning more about eagle conservation and coexistence.

FAQs

Are cats scared of eagles?

Yes, cats are usually scared of eagles because eagles are natural predators and can pose a threat to them.

Is an eagle stronger than a cat?

Yes, eagles are much stronger than cats.

They have powerful talons and can carry prey that is much heavier than a cat.

Do eagles eat animals?

Yes, eagles are carnivorous and primarily eat other animals.

Their diet consists mainly of fish and small mammals such as rabbits and rodents.

Do eagles attack humans?

Eagles do not usually attack humans, but they can become aggressive if they feel threatened or if their territory is invaded.

What is eagle afraid of?

Eagles are afraid of large predators such as bears and wolves, as well as humans.

They may also be scared of loud noises and sudden movements.

Can a human win a fight with an eagle?

No, it is highly unlikely that a human could win a fight against an eagle.

Eagles are powerful predators with sharp talons and a strong beak.

What is more powerful than an eagle?

There are few predators that are more powerful than an eagle, but some examples include grizzly bears, crocodiles, and killer whales.

What is the biggest bird of prey?

The largest bird of prey is the Andean condor, which can have a wingspan of over 10 feet and weigh up to 33 pounds.

Read Also: Can Ducks Eat Sunflower Seeds? What You Need To Know

Who is stronger, a human or an eagle?

Eagles are much stronger than humans in terms of physical abilities such as strength and speed.

Indeed, wildlife in Alaska is larger and more plentiful. But the size of the Moose is out of this world.

Actually, It’s a medieval creature. Most people on earth are unfamiliar with Moose, yet they are an everyday occurrence for some.

More than 500 traffic accidents involving Moose occur annually in northern New England.

The physical damages endured by car passengers are significantly more catastrophic and likely to end in fatalities due to the animal’s height and weight.

When a car slams into a moose, the animal’s long legs are crushed, causing the animal’s body to smash against the windshield and roof.

This significant problem has been noted in Canada and Scandinavia, affecting humans and animals.

You may wonder how high and huge an average moose is, which makes it so deadly in traffic accidents.

But if you are mindful of its height and bulk, you will almost certainly avoid a face-to-face encounter when driving north or camping in the woods.

These wild animals evolve and develop throughout their lives. The body mass does not accumulate until males are nine years old and females are four years old.

Let us read along and dive straight into the moose size comparison!

Introducing Moose and its subspecies

The term moose is prevalent in North America and was inspired by the Algonquian word “moosh,” which means “stripper and eater of bark” in the Innu language of Quebec, Canada.

These species of deer are the largest among deer species. There are 8 subspecies of moose, with Alces alces gigas, American moose being the biggest.

The classification includes European moose and Siberian, East Siberian, and West Siberian moose. Other species of these wild animals are often classified as North American or Canadian moose.

The male and female moose are referred to as bull and cow moose, respectively. The moose cows are comparatively smaller than bulls.

The moose prefer aquatic vegetation and wetlands for their food source and dwelling.

These excellent swimmers were almost extinct in Sweden back in the 19th century. But after expanding throughout Europe, North America, and Canada in the 20th century, they restored their population.

Size And Appearance of Moose

As per the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Moose is the largest representative of the deer family. They are also North America’s tallest mammals.

Their height varies from 5 to 6.5 feet from hoof to shoulder. Males measure 794 to 1,323 pounds, while females weigh 595 to 882 pounds.

However, there is more divergence in the spectra than these binary numbers; a healthy Moose may range from 300 pounds to 1800 pounds!

Moose have tiny tails, a hump on their shoulders, and huge ears that can twist, allowing them to hear in stereophonic mode.

Their hair is typically dark or black, offering valuable insulation against the cold. Male Moose, known as bulls, have enormous antlers.

These can reach a width of 6 feet (1.8 m) from tip to tip. Antlers are solely used to fight for a mate and are shed each winter following the mating season.

Moose Size Comparison

Although all Moose are huge, there are geographical variances in size. Varying species sizes are determined by their habitat and genetic compositions.

Moose is, believe it or not, a pretty enormous deer, and North America has four species of these giants.

Moose species size comparison

The moose species can have variable size differences based on their genetic structure interline.

1. Alaskan Moose

This giant Moose is the biggest of the four moose subspecies and inhabit Alaska. Male Alaskan Moose may grow 6 feet 9 inches tall at the shoulder.

To put that in context, most NBA basketball players could effortlessly glide beneath a standing moose.

Alaska-Yukon Moose may weigh up to 1400 pounds. Their antlers are also a little under 6 feet wide.

2. Northwestern Moose

These moose are spotted around the North of the United States, such as North Dakota and central Canada. They reach a height of 6 feet 4 inches and weigh up to 1590 pounds.

3. Shiras Moose

The residential moose of the United States from Utah to Idaho can also be spotted in British Columbia. They are the tiniest moose subspecies.

Shiras stand 36-55 inches tall from hoof to shoulder. They may also weigh up to 1200 lbs.

4. Eastern Moose

Eastern Canada and the northeastern United States are home to Maine’s own Eastern Moose.

It is the third most populous moose subspecies, after Alaskan and Western Moose. These moose can be spotted in Seney National Wildlife Park and Tahquamenon Falls State park in the upper peninsula region.

They may reach a height of 6 feet 6 inches at the shoulder. Their weight may exceed 1400 lbs.

Moose Size Comparison to a Human

Adult bulls are substantially taller than even the world’s tallest humans!

A moose may stand up to 6.5 feet tall at the shoulder, while an adult male human stands at 5 foot 7.5 inches on average.

At the shoulder, the Alaskan Moose stands more than 7 feet higher. When the head and antlers are added, the overall height exceeds 10 feet. Even the tallest person cannot face a Moose with their head lifted.

Moose Size Comparison to a Horse

Let us contrast a Moose with a horse!

A Moose’s typical shoulder height ranges from 5 to 6.5 feet, while a horse’s average shoulder height is from 2.5 to 5.8 feet.

A full-grown Moose may weigh up to 1,800 pounds, whereas a horse can weigh between 120 and 2,200 pounds.

A Moose is thus larger than a horse in terms of size. In terms of mass, a horse is heavier than a moose.

Moose Size Comparison to a Truck

When matched to a Nissan Titan, the Moose’s and vehicle’s heights are now roughly equal.

Because most Titans are roughly 6.5 feet tall, the top of the truck would likely be slightly higher than the Moose’s shoulders.

If the Moose is huge, it should be taller than a truck!

Moose vs. Elk: Confusion solved!

The most classic mistake shooters make in Colorado is mixing Moose with elk. Moose have a lot darker fur than elk and lack the lighter abdomen of elk.

A moose’s snout is also considerably bigger and more spherical or round than an elk’s sharp nose.

The antlers of Moose and elk develop in quite distinct ways. A moose’s antlers expand to the side of its head, but an elk’s antlers grow rearward over its body.

Elk antlers have a primary shaft with long points sprouting off it, but moose antlers develop in a shovel-like form with many spikes sprouting off the thick, shovel-shaped part.

Finally, moose develop a fluttering strip of skin beneath their necks known as a dewlap or bell. This characteristic is specific to Moose and not found in elk.

Fun Facts about Moose

• Moose can move each ear and eye independently.
• During the rut, bull moose emits various noises, including a loud bellow, croaks, and barking when collecting their young female moose utter protracted quavering groans that conclude in cough-like moo and a grunt.
• Moose stomachs can hold up to 100 pounds of food.
• Every wintertime, moose lose their paddles and develop new ones the following spring. Antler development is determined by testosterone levels and the duration of the day. Antlers can also be used to determine age.
• “Harem herd” is the term given for a herd of female moose chosen by dominant male moose during mating season in Alaska. The remaining males will compete with the herd’s alpha for the privilege of mating with the females.
• The hollow structure of moose hair aids in protecting the animal from the cold.
• The front legs of a moose are longer than the rear legs. This makes it easier for the Moose to jump over obstacles along its route.
• The famous Canadian city Moose Jaw is often believed to be named after moose, but that is not the case. The city is named after the Cree language, which means A warm place by the river.

Frequently Asked Questions

Yes, Moose are gigantic, and yes, they do kill humans on occasion. Overall, moose are enigmatic animals that balance and beautify the world’s ecology.

So do you want to go to the Northern part of the world to witness this marvelous creation?

If you want to know about animals’ expertise in standing sleep or the giant Chordata that can sore in the sky, go through the respective hyperlink.

(Last Updated on August 28, 2022 by Sadrish Dabadi)

Answer this honestly…How many of you have had a conversation with a friend where one of these talking points came up?

• Dude, My Black Flash camera is visible!
• I can see my No Glow camera flash! I know it’s spooking deer!
• I don’t know what’s wrong, I was just looking through some trail camera photos and it looks like I can see the flash from my Black out camera! I have two of them out there?

Over the years, we’ve seen this topic come up on social media over and over. Some folks immediately understand what is going on, others are baffled.

If you can see the flash from a Black Flash camera what the heck is going on? All of this boils down to two scenarios…. You don’t really have a no glow camera OR there are multiple cameras in one area and one camera is capturing another camera’s flash at night.

940NM Wavelengths To Humans and Whitetails

No Glow, Black Flash, Invisible Flash, Black Out are all trail camera terms referring to the same exact thing… Any trail camera flash unit utilizing a 940nm LED, which in the Electromagnetic Spectrum is beyond the UV Spectrum and invisible to the human eye. But what about whitetails?

When you think about how ungulates see, in what colors, and how those colors react to UV it becomes pretty damn interesting. Ungulates have dichromatic vision, they see yellow and blue colors with everything else being black/white and gray. Blue colors fall between 430-520nm wavelengths and yellow falls between 565-580nm wavelengths. So theoretically, if your trail camera is not putting out light between those spectrums, deer are not seeing it OR at least not in the same color as we see it. Now, lets pull it back to trail cameras.

Types of Flash

You have 3 categories of flash types in trail cameras, WHITE,RED, and BLACK.

White Flash trail cameras give you an actual flash. Hobbyist folks seem to really gravitate towards these types of cameras because they put out color night images. This type of light falls into the lower range of the UV Spectrum at approx 300nm.

Red Flash also called IR trail cameras include any bulb that puts out light at wavelengths between approx 625nm up to 750nm. At the bottom end light is visible at the upper end it is less noticeable.

Black Flash, aka invisible flash, no glow, black out, or whatever else you want to call it, also falls into the IR spectrum but at the upper end with a wavelength of 940nm. General science tells us that mammals cannot see light at this wavelength. Really, only amphibians and reptiles can see this type of light.

IR and Black Flash cameras have added HW to capture light at these wavelengths. This is the purpose of the cameras IR filter OR the camera could have a dedicated night sensor and lens making it a dual lens camera.

Why Can You See It?

Scenario 1: If you can see the flash with your naked eye, you certainly don’t have a 940nm flash unit. Don’t get this confused with a faint red glow before the actual flash. At times, mainly when the LEDs first get power they will likely emit some light below the 940nm range. This happens well before the flash actually goes off.

Scenario 2: You have two cameras setup in some what close proximity to one another. One camera is picking up the other’s flash. The first time it happens it’s kinda of weird but when you step back and think how trail cameras work with specific flash units and IR filters it makes a whole lot of sense.

If you find yourself in either scenario don’t panic, the wool hasn’t been pulled over your eyes. What you are seeing is completely normal in the trail camera world, it just doesn’t happen all that often because there’s not many folks running cameras on top of one another. With proper setups and going through our “spook proof equation” it’s unlikely you are actually spooking whitetails with your trail cameras.

Guide L-301 Revised by Louis C. Bender and Chris Allison College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University

Authors: Respectively, Senior Research Scientist (Wildlife) and Retired Extension Range Management Specialist, Department of Extension Animal Sciences and Natural Resources, New Mexico State University. (Print friendly PDF)

Introduction

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus, Figure 1) are one of the most important game animals in New Mexico and the West. The size of the mule deer population in New Mexico is unknown, and densities of mule deer can vary greatly among areas and over time. For example, densities of mule deer ranged from an estimated <1.2 deer/mi2 on private land in Colfax County to <1.9 deer/mi2 on New Mexico State University’s Corona Range and Livestock Research Center (CRLRC), while a recent minimum count found 3.7 deer/mi2 in higher-density areas of the San Andres Mountains (Bender et al., 2011, 2012; L. Bender, unpublished data). On CRLRC, mule deer densities declined from 1.9 deer/mi2 in 2005 to 0.7 deer/mi2 in 2008, highlighting the variation possible in deer populations in response to drought and other factors. In general, mule deer have been declining in numbers in New Mexico since populations peaked around the 1960s, similar to declines seen throughout the West (Heffelfinger and Messmer, 2003). Because of population declines, harvests of mule deer have also declined; deer harvests (mostly mule deer), estimated to be as high as 55,000 in 1960, declined to <10,000 in 2013. Despite declines, mule deer are still present in all 33 counties in New Mexico.

Figure 1. Mule deer are New Mexico’s most important big game species. (Photo by Terry Spivey, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org.)

Range and Habitat

There are two subspecies of mule deer in New Mexico, the Rocky Mountain mule deer (O. hemionus hemionus) and the desert mule deer (O. hemionus eremicus). Rocky Mountain mule deer are found in the northern two-thirds of the state and desert mule deer in the southern third. The Rocky Mountain mule deer is larger; the average field-dressed weight of mature (6 years or older) males (bucks) is around 195 lb, with larger deer weighing more than 250 lb. Mature desert mule deer average about 140 lb field-dressed, with the largest deer approaching 170 lb.

Mule deer are extremely varied in their habitats. Rocky Mountain mule deer are found from above the timberline to low-elevation short grasslands, and frequently in urban areas. During winter, deer that use higher elevations usually migrate to lower elevations where food is more easily obtainable and deep snow does not limit their movements.

Desert mule deer prefer shrublands and woodlands in desert mountain ranges and hills, or arroyos in arid desert flats. They normally spend summer and winter in the same general area.

Physical Description

Mule deer have extremely large ears, hence the name. Adults have a reddish coat in summer and a gray coat in winter. The summer coat is fine and silky in texture and the winter coat is coarser and thicker. Desert mule deer are usually lighter or paler than Rocky Mountain mule deer. The reddish-brown fawns are spotted and depend on their protective coloration for safety. They lose their spots two to three months after they are born. A characteristic feature of the mule deer is the large white rump patch that surrounds the base of the tail. The tail itself is white with a small black tip. Unlike the white-tailed deer, the mule deer does not raise its tail in alarm, but holds it against the body as it flees. Mule deer may also stot, or bounce stiff-leggedly on all four legs, when fleeing.

Mule deer bucks have antlers that are forked (Figure 2) instead of being like a white-tailed deer’s, whose points rise from the main beam (Figure 3). The antlers are shed following the breeding season each winter, and new antlers begin growing shortly after the old ones are dropped. The dropping of antlers occurs when the length of daylight decreases, triggering glandular reactions that control the production of testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and other hormones. The same process is involved in the growth of the new antlers, which are covered by a skin called velvet that contains an extensive network of blood vessels. These supply the protein and minerals needed for the growth of antlers, which are the fastest-growing tissues in the animal kingdom. In late August or September, the velvet dries up and is rubbed off on small trees and shrubs as the antlers harden or mineralize. Antler size and number of points depend mostly on the deer’s age, physical condition, and their genetic background (Bender, 2011).

Figure 2. Antlers from a mule deer.

Figure 3. Antlers from a white-tailed deer.

Life Cycle

The breeding season or rut for mule deer in New Mexico begins in late November (northern areas of the state) and lasts until mid-January (southern areas). During breeding periods, mature bucks cover a large area in search of receptive females (does). The does are receptive for about three days. If they are not bred during this time, their cycles will continue, and 28 days later they will again be receptive. Unbred mature does are rare in New Mexico.

There is little actual fighting between bucks because dominance hierarchy has usually been established before peak rutting periods occur. The smaller or less-aggressive bucks recognize their superiors and usually give in to their dominance. The breeding class is usually the prime-aged mature bucks, plus a few younger bucks who are exceptionally large-bodied or aggressive. One buck will breed with many does, so it is not necessary to have equal numbers of males and females. No permanent bond is formed between bucks and does. When the female is no longer receptive, the buck will leave her to seek other does.

Mule deer have a gestation period of about seven months. Fawns are usually born in June and July, later in southern New Mexico and later if does are in poor condition. Normally, a doe has one fawn the first time she gives birth. After this, she may have multiple fawns if she is in good condition. After about age seven the number of fawns will decrease again.

Fawns get up on their feet only hours after birth, but they are rather unsteady and very susceptible to predation. During their first few days, they remain hidden and alone except when feeding (Figure 4). At about three weeks of age, the fawns begin sampling solid foods, and shortly thereafter they begin to accompany the doe almost constantly. Most fawns are weaned by October or November, after which they are dependent on their competitive ability to obtain adequate nutrition. Fawns that are larger at birth, or born earlier, tend to be larger at weaning and therefore are more likely to survive.

Figure 4. Fawns depend upon hiding and lying still for survival during their first few weeks. (Photo by Mara Weisenberger.)

Survival

Typically >80% of unhunted mule deer adults in New Mexico survive each year, although this can drop to <60% during severe droughts (Bender et al., 2007, 2010, 2011). Likewise, survival of fawns can range from >50% to none surviving, and the latter occurs during droughts when condition of adult females is very poor (Lomas and Bender, 2007). Malnutrition is the most common cause of death (excluding hunting) in studied mule deer populations in New Mexico.

Malnutrition is the most common disease of mule deer (Bender et al., 2007, 2010, 2011), and when other diseases and parasitism cause mortality, the actual underlying cause is usually poor-quality food that causes malnourishment. Probably the most publicized diseases of mule deer are the epizootic hemorrhagic disease-bluetongue complex (collectively called hemorrhagic disease [HD]) and chronic wasting disease (CWD). HD is a viral disease that affects deer, pronghorn, and bighorn sheep; it is spread by biting gnats or midges (Culicoides spp.). Although HD can be enzootic (always present in low frequency), in mule deer it is most commonly seen in infrequent epizootics (outbreaks), which can result in a large number of deaths when deer and vector conditions are conducive to outbreaks. Outbreaks occur during late summer or early autumn, usually in close proximity to wet areas. During outbreaks, some deer die quickly with no apparent signs of disease, others may die within a week, some recover but are debilitated, and still other deer show no sign of disease during outbreaks, and survivors may develop immunity to that particular virus serotype (but not necessarily other HD virus serotypes). White-tailed deer are more vulnerable to HD (especially epizootic hemorrhagic disease) than mule deer, and thus high mortality from HD is more common in white-tailed deer and pronghorn than mule deer.

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is an invariably fatal degenerative neurological disease of deer, elk, and moose. CWD, a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, is very rare in New Mexico and is limited to portions of the San Andres, Organ, and Sacramento Mountains. Uncertainty still lingers over exactly how CWD is spread and even the causative agent, which is likely an abnormal protein called a prion. Much of the concern about CWD involves its similarity to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), or mad cow disease; consuming products from BSE-infected cattle has been linked to fatal new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. However, the World Health Organization has concluded that there is no evidence that CWD can be transmitted to humans. Despite this, hunters should avoid eating venison from infected animals (or other obviously sick animals) and should use simple precautions, such as wearing latex gloves when handling deer or elk from areas known to have CWD. Many states also restrict movement of venison or other parts of deer, elk, and moose from areas or states where CWD is present; be sure to check with local Game Departments for regulations on transporting venison. The Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance website (www.cwd-info.org) is an excellent source for up-to-date information regarding CWD and its management.

Predators kill deer in New Mexico each year. The chief animals that prey upon deer are mountain lions, black bears, Mexican wolves, coyotes, bobcats, and feral dogs. Interactions between predators and mule deer are complex and highly variable across distance and time; the key to understanding predation is differentiating between the act of predation and the effect of predation. Although predators kill deer, predation may have little effect on the population if predation substitutes for (e.g., is compensatory to) other forms of mortality because deer are in poor condition or otherwise predisposed. When predation is additive to other mortality factors, then predation can limit deer populations. Whether predation is mostly additive or mostly compensatory varies with the specific local conditions of the predator and prey communities, and their surroundings.

Mule deer can live about 10-15 years. The average lifespan of bucks is shorter than does, especially in areas of heavy hunting pressure. Because of this, most populations contain only 25-50 bucks for every 100 does.

Food Habits

Mule deer feeding is mainly crepuscular, meaning that they feed mostly early in the morning and again just before dark. They prefer higher-quality foods like forbs (commonly called weeds) and browse (leaves, buds, and new shoots of shrubs and trees), but they also utilize grasses when young and actively growing as well as succulents. Seasonally, mule deer diets are >60% browse in spring, >50% browse in summer and autumn, and >80% browse in winter (Heffelfinger, 2006). Most of the remainder of the diet is forbs, and grasses and succulents (e.g., cacti) usually contribute much less than 10% seasonally.

The actual diet of deer is very diverse and reflects what is available. Common foods in northern New Mexico include aspen, chokecherry, oaks, bearberry, bitterbrush, mountain mahogany, and most other shrubs in the rose family (Rosaceae). Winter diets may be supplemented with firs, pines, and other evergreens, though in limited quantities because many of these conifers contain secondary plant compounds that are toxic to deer, inhibiting function of their digestive systems. In southern New Mexico, common foods include mountain mahogany, oaks, skunkbush, yucca, ceanothus, mesquite pods, globemallow, vervain, and silktassel. Piñon and juniper may be used during dry seasons and winter months despite plant toxins, the effects of which can be minimized by mixing these with other plant species. In all areas, a wide variety of other forbs are important depending upon what exactly is available.

Mule deer are classed as concentrate selectors, meaning they eat lesser amounts of very high-quality foods; hence, they select for foods with high concentrations of readily digestible nutrients such as simple sugars. These are, as noted previously, mainly browse and forbs. Because of their need for high-quality foods, deer are always on the move while feeding. They take a bite and move on, spending little time in one spot, selecting the best foods that are available. This continued movement ensures a properly balanced diet if sufficient plant species are present.

Like other ruminants, the mule deer has a four-chambered stomach. When they eat, the food is swallowed with a minimum amount of chewing. Between feedings, the food is regurgitated and rechewed as cud. When reswallowed, it passes through the other chambers of the stomach and on through the digestive system. Food passes through their digestive system much more rapidly than in elk or cattle, however, and this short retention time limits just how much plant material mule deer can digest. This, combined with a faster metabolism than elk or cattle, is what drives their need for high-quality, easily digestible foods.

Availability of water can influence deer use of a particular area. Their daily intake varies from 0 to 1 1/2 quarts per 100 pounds of body weight. This is influenced by time of year, activity, and the kind of forage the deer is eating.

Sign

The most common sign of deer use of an area is their tracks. The track is from 2 3/4 to 3 1/4 inches long, and the walking stride is 22 to 24 inches long. When the mule deer runs, all four feet leave the ground at once, unlike the white-tailed deer, which pushes off with its hind feet. The resulting track patterns of the two species obviously differ.

When a deer browses, a characteristic stub remains (Figure 5). The jagged, shredded end of the twig results when the lower incisors pinch the twig against the toothless upper gums. The deer pulls and actually tears the twig, leaving a jagged, uneven end rather than a smooth cut.

Bucks remove the velvet from their antlers on small trees and shrubs. The scarred and broken branches and bark are easily observed about 18 inches above the ground. Many of these may be found in an area because one buck will rub several trees.

The dark brown scat of mule deer is usually found in clumps. Each pellet is about 1/2 inch long and tapered on one end. The fibrous material on which a deer has been feeding is often observable in the scat.

Figure 5. Browsing by deer leaves jagged twig ends.

Habitat Enhancement Recommendations

Owners who want to improve mule deer habitat on private lands should keep in mind a wide range of considerations. Ideal range of mule deer provides both food and cover, with shrublands and woodlands providing the best habitat because they provide both food and cover. Conversely, grasslands tend to be poorer habitat because they usually lack cover (Bender, 2012). Diversity is the key to managing mule deer; the healthiest deer herds are those on ranges that supply the greatest variety and abundance of woody browse and forbs of high nutritional quality throughout the year. Whether mule deer need free water is uncertain; they can probably meet their needs from succulent foods. However, they do prefer sites around water, and free water may be required during droughts or while raising fawns. Thus, permanent watering spots should be retained and created where desired, especially in desert mule deer ranges. When new impoundments are built, several smaller holes are more desirable than one large one.

Management and the Future

Hunting is the main source of mortality for adult bucks, and control of hunting seasons is used to manage mule deer populations in New Mexico. The locations, date, and length of seasons are used to control hunter numbers and densities; this in turn controls harvest to some extent. In areas where deer are abundant, antlerless and either-sex hunts are used. This encourages harvest by hunters where numbers need to be reduced and maintains a younger, more productive age structure in the doe population.

Ultimately, however, habitat is the key to mule deer populations. Peaks in mule deer populations in the mid-1900s resulted from obvious and subtle landscape changes associated with human settlement (see, for example, the history in Clements and Young, 1997). Habitat changes resulting from extensive logging, initial overgrazing of grasslands, and large wildfires greatly favored mule deer by creating large areas of shrublands and early successional (saplings) forests. Mule deer responded to these new habitats, especially the huge increase in shrublands, with population increases that peaked generally sometime during the 1940s to 1970s. Later, improved range management favoring grasses over shrubs, control of fires allowing shrublands to grow old or develop into closed forests, and greatly reduced logging all reduced preferred mule deer habitats. These changes have decreased the amount of mule deer habitat in New Mexico and throughout the West. As one example, the amount of forestland in aspen, probably the best mule deer habitat in northern New Mexico, has declined 88% (Bartos, 2001). These changes have driven deer populations down because they have greatly reduced both the amount and quality of mule deer habitat.

Thus, the welfare of mule deer in New Mexico is influenced by other uses of forests and rangelands. Land use policies developed by land management agencies are an important component of mule deer management. Only through coordinated efforts of these agencies and support for management programs from the general public can New Mexico be assured of a healthy mule deer population.

So, what does the future hold for mule deer? The “good old days” of the 1950s and 1960s are gone forever; the circumstances that created so much high-quality habitat can never be duplicated in modern times. However, managers can continue to try to maintain or increase the quality of remaining habitats to increase mule deer numbers above the current low levels. Cooperative Extension programs, the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies Mule Deer Working Group (www.muledeerworkinggroup.com), and State Wildlife Agencies all have publications and other information available on increasing the quality of deer habitat. For more information on all aspects of mule and white-tailed deer ecology and management, see Deer of the Southwest (Heffelfinger, 2006).

References

Bartos, D.L. 2001. Landscape dynamics of aspen and conifer forests. In W.D. Shepperd, D. Binkley, D.L. Bartos, T.J. Stohlgren, and L.G. Eskew (compilers), Sustaining aspen in western ecosystems: Symposium proceedings [Proceedings RMRS-P-18], (pp. 5-14). Fort Collins: U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

Bender, L.C. 2011. Basics of trophy management [Guide L-111]. Las Cruces: New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service.

Bender, L.C. 2012. Guidelines for management of habitat for mule deer: Piñon-juniper, Chihuahuan desert, arid grasslands, and associated arid habitat types [Circular 662]. Las Cruces: New Mexico State University Cooperative Extension Service.

Bender, L.C., L.A. Lomas, and J. Browning. 2007. Condition, survival, and cause-specific mortality of mule deer in northcentral New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71, 1118—1124.

Bender, L.C., J.C. Boren, H. Halbritter, and S. Cox. 2011. Condition, survival, and productivity of mule deer in semiarid grassland-woodland in east-central New Mexico. Human-Wildlife Interactions, 5, 276—286.

Bender, L.C., B.D. Hoenes, and C.L. Rodden. 2012. Factors influencing survival of desert mule deer in the greater San Andres Mountains, New Mexico. Human-Wildlife Interactions, 6, 245—260.

Clements, C.D., and J.A. Young. 1997. A viewpoint: Rangeland health and mule deer habitat. Journal of Range Management, 50, 129-138.

Heffelfinger, J. 2006. Deer of the Southwest. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.

Heffelfinger, J.R., and T.A. Messmer. 2003. Introduction. In J.C. de Vos, Jr., M.R. Conover, and N.E. Headrick (Eds.), Mule deer conservation: Issues and management challenges (pp. 1-11). Logan, UT: Jack H. Berryman Institute.

Lomas, L.A., and L.C. Bender. 2007. Survival and cause-specific mortality of mule deer fawns in northcentral New Mexico. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71, 884-894.

Original author: James E. Knight, Extension Wildlife Specialist.

Acknowledgement: Some of the information presented here was obtained from publications of the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish (www.wildlife.state.nm.us). This agency is responsible for the management of big game populations in New Mexico.

To find more resources for your business, home, or family, visit the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences on the World Wide Web at pubs.nmsu.edu

Contents of publications may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. For permission to use publications for other purposes, contact [email protected] or the authors listed on the publication.

New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and educator. NMSU and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating.

May 2014

Some things in life are so obvious they get overlooked for a long time. That’s the case—no pun intended—with the 7.62×40 WT cartridge, a .223 Rem. case necked up to .308 Win. Original work on this cartridge was done by Kurt Buchert, who called it the 7.62×40 USA. With Buchert’s blessing, Bill Wilson of Wilson Combat took the concept and made it a functional reality.

Why? We’ll get to that. Folks have been trying to put bigger bullets and more power into an AR-15 for a long time for both military and sporting purposes. Examples include the 6.5 Grendel, the 6.8 Rem. SPC and the big, shoulder-smacking .450 Bushmaster. None have seen big-time success, but all have cult-like followings among users who believe they’re the answer to all things ballistic. Admittedly, I dote over the .30 Rem. AR, which I find to be the most powerful and ballistically balanced cartridge you can fire from an AR-platform rifle.

One problem is all these cartridges require not just a new barrel, but also a new bolt, possibly a new buffer and buffer spring, a new magazine and in some cases, even a new upper receiver. This makes conversions more costly and less appealing. With the 7.62×40 WT, all you need is a new barrel and a Wilson Combat-modified Lancer L5 AWM 5.56 magazine (though some unmodified AR-15 magazines will work). Ballistically, it converts your AR-15 into a flatter-shooting .30-30 Win., which sort of answers the “why” question.

Wilson began developing the 7.62×40 WT after studying the ballistics offered by the .300 AAC Blackout. He wanted a cartridge that would give optimum supersonic performance with lighter .30-caliber bullets, instead of the 220-grain projectiles for which the .300 AAC Blackout was designed.

“After experimenting with the .300 Blackout, I concluded the cartridge case really needed to be 39 to 40 mm long to work properly with common 110- to 125-grain, .30-caliber bullets,” said Wilson. (The .300 AAC Blackout case is about 35 mm long.) “Don’t take me wrong, I’m not anti-.300 Blackout. I just firmly believe it’s a subsonic-only cartridge.”

Wilson established his reputation by building superb custom 1911 pistols, but Wilson Combat also makes wonderful ARs. He is not just a competitive shooter with a tactical mindset; he is also an avid hunter. At present, Wilson may be doing more to help solve the feral hog problem in Texas using an AR-15 than anyone.

He discovered 125-grain Sierra Pro-Hunter and 125-grain Nosler Ballistic Tip bullets actually performed more like controlled-expansion bullets at 7.62×40 WT impact velocities. After guiding hunters to more than 60 hog kills, Wilson believes, “With the same shot placement, the 7.62×40 WT works about like a 6.8 SPC and runs cleaner than it or the .30 Rem. AR when suppressed.”

Based on 7.62×40 WT testing I conducted using Wilson Combat ammunition, 125-grain bullets leave a 16-inch barrel at around 2,400 fps and a 20-inch barrel at 2,500 fps. This equates to velocities high enough to generate bullet expansion at 250 yards. If zeroed 1.5 inches high at 100 yards, drop at 250 yards is less than 10 inches. These are great short-range ballistics—perfect for hunting or a utility/survival rifle. With the wide variety of available .30-caliber bullet options, moderate-range tactical applications are virtually endless.

Granted, the ballistics are similar to the Soviet 7.62×39 mm cartridge used in AK-platform rifles. However, converting an AR to the Russian cartridge requires a new barrel, bolt and magazine. What’s more, that particular cartridge has a dismal history of poor reliability in AR-platform rifles. Additionally, since factory 7.62×39 mm ammunition is loaded with bullets having diameters between 0.308 inch and the original spec of 0.311 inch, accuracy can be less than inspiring.

Wilson Combat offers complete rifles, upper receivers, barrels and five different factory loads for the 7.62×40 WT, but it’s unclear whether others will follow suit. Given the usefulness of this cartridge, it wouldn’t surprise me if more AR manufacturers got on board, and Wilson expects no royalties to follow his lead.

Ammunition availability is the risk with any new cartridge—demand drives the train. The good news is, unlike some other new cartridges, 7.62×40 WT brass is easily made from .223 Rem. cases.

The 7.62×40 WT has become Wilson’s go-to cartridge at the ranch, but of course some folks will never get the concept. Despite what one unenthusiastic blogger has said about the round, an AR chambered for the 7.62×40 WT is lighter, more powerful, flatter shooting, harder hitting and infinitely more versatile than a .30-30 Win. lever action, whether you are hunting or fighting. It’s also a great youth deer rifle or police patrol rifle.

There’s no doubt the AR is America’s favorite rifle. Wilson Combat just made it more useful and, dare I say, better.

Shooting a rimfire rifle is a favorite pastime of mine. But beyond just plinking for fun, there’s hunting and a competitive rimfire field.

The type of shooting you do with your Ruger 10/22, M&P 15-22, or Henry AR-7 will determine which is the best rimfire scope for your 22LR.

Since the .22LR is a plinking, hunting, and competition round, there’s a lot that it can do, but it also has its limitations.

With that said, I consider scope features that address parallax, close ranges, reticle type, focal plane, and of course, cost.

Let’s dig in!

The Best Rimfire Scopes for 22LR in 2024

1. Vortex Crossfire II 2-7×32 Rimfire – Best Overall

One of the most popular scopes rated by the masses is the Vortex Crossfire II. This particular model is the 2-7×32 Rimfire scope with the V-Plex (MOA) reticle. Simple, affordable, and accurate. It’s why it’s a heavy hitter in the rimfire scope market.

Pros:

• Cost
• V-Plex reticle
• SFP reticle
• Resettable turrets
• Fog/waterproof

Cons:

• No illumination

Not having illumination isn’t necessarily a bad thing, but come low light or dark targets in shaded areas (think squirrels), having a red aiming dot can be a great boon. The only reticle available in the Rimfire model for this configuration is the V-Plex.

Now the V-Plex is a great and simple hunting reticle. Whether you’re popping off cans or nailing jack rabbits, the V-Plex is easy to employ. The posts are 0.57 MOA in size with the center crosshairs 0.17 MOA in size. So, they’re small enough not to cover up vitals on rodents. With the reticle located in the second focal plane, you’ll always have a full-size view of the crosshairs even at minimum 2x magnification.

Having been outfitted for the rimfire cartridge, the parallax setting is fixed at 50 yards. This will be perfect for close quarter shots as well as some reach out to 100 yards.

With 0.25 MOA adjustments, resettable to zero turrets, and caps to set-‘em-and-forget-‘em, the Crossfire is accurate and couldn’t be simpler to sight-in and employ right away.

At under $150 street price (approx.), the Crossfire II riflescope is a quality buy for plinkers and hunters. With its high ratings across the board, the masses have spoken.

2. Maven CRS.1 3-12×40 – Best for Hunting

The Maven CRS.1 was made for hunters by hunters. It’s an excellent rifle scope that I mounted to a Ruger 10/22 just because I could. It meets cost, reticle, and magnification requirements I have for a hunting scope on a .22LR rifle.

Pros:

• Excellent glass
• 4x zoom magnification
• Fixed parallax
• 0.25 MOA adjustments
• CSHR SFP reticle

Cons:

• Clarity at 25 yards

The CRS.1 has fixed parallax at 100 yards, and the .22LR round can and will go that far. However, at 25 yards, the clarity is just shy of sharp – it’s marginally soft. Obviously, it’s strengths are at 50+ yards, but I also think it’s just fine for 25-50 yards too.

As a C-series optic, it has excellent glass quality – it’s something Maven is pretty good at. I wouldn’t hesitate to use this as a hunting scope on my .22 or elk rifles. During field-testing, I did just that by mounting it to my Ruger 10/22 and .270. I also put it on my AR-15. Just so you know, the bundle package includes rings!

The CRS.1 riflescope has 0.25 MOA adjustments, it tracks excellently, and I was extremely happy with my groupings and 100-yard zero.

The CSHR reticle is a simplified version of the SHR reticle. This one is made of wire, is bold and visible, and is in the second focal plane. This is something that hunters like because it’s highly visible at every magnification. Holdover values are 5, 10, and 20 MOA at 12x magnification.

If you wanted to put this scope on a different rifle, there’s nothing stopping you from doing so. The build quality is solid. The warranty is proven. The CRS.1 would be a high-quality scope for a .22LR.

3. Burris FastFire 3 – Best Pistol Sight for .22LR

Compact, fast, and convenient. The Burris FastFire 3 is a micro red dot sight ideal for the pistol in .22LR. Even though it mounts to handgun slides, it also comes with a Picatinny base in the box for mounting to a rifle rail.

Pros:

• 8 MOA dot
• Dynamic illumination
• Manual illumination
• Sunshade cover
• Picatinny rail mount

Cons:

• Battery compartment lid

First time shooting with the Burris FF3, I had an oopsie kind of moment. I didn’t secure the battery compartment lid properly, and it came off when I shot a round. That was an epic user fail in my books, and fortunately, I’m more aware of that now.

I really like the compact size of the pistol sight. It’s around 1.9” in length and weighs a mere 1.5 oz. Though it’s tiny, it’s built like a tank. I racked the slide multiple times against a wooden bench leaving the Burris FastFire sight no worse for wear.

It has an 8 MOA dot powered by a CR1632 battery, defaults to dynamic (ambient) illumination, but it does have a manual 3-setting illumination override.

What makes this great for both .22 pistols and rifles is that it also comes with a Pic rail in the box. Yes, I’ve mounted it to a .22 rifle and had a blast. The large dot makes it easy to see and acquire in the field.

When it comes to cost, it’s cheaper than the field-tested Leupold DeltaPoint Pro (check out our comparison of the Fastfire 3 and the Deltapoint Pro here) and other alternatives from Trijicon and Sig Sauer. As a versatile red dot sight with no perceivable parallax issues, and it’s ideal for close-range work, it’s a winner.

4. Sig Sauer Romeo 5 – Best Red Dot Sight for .22LR

The Sig Sauer Romeo 5 is one of the most highly-rated and popular red dot sights in the market. It’s affordable, has MOTAC, and it’s just as good for the .22LR round as it is for the 5.56mm and more.

Pros:

• Price
• Red dot sight
• 2 MOA dot
• Multi-height mounting system
• Long battery life

Cons:

• Non-adjustable MOTAC

Since it’s a red dot sight, the Romeo 5 is often shot from my AR-15 rifles. It’s seen a lot of action on top a S&W M&P 15-22. My most recent complaint is that it somehow got stuck to my 5.56mm rifle rail. Long story short – a screw extractor set was necessary. So, don’t over-torque the tension!

What makes the Romeo 5 so popular is its motion-sensor feature, MOTAC. It automatically goes into stand-by mode after 120 seconds of non-use. When motion is detected, the illumination kicks on and the dot is ready and waiting for use by the time you get rifle to shoulder.

It has a 2 MOA dot which is great for close-range work as well as stretching the distance to say 175 yards for long shots with the .22LR round.

With a CR2032 battery powering the Sig sight, it has a 40,000+ hour battery runtime. After well over a year, I still haven’t changed it out yet.

Considering its low price point under $150, it’s one of the top red dot sights for the money. How could it not be a great pairing for a .22LR rifle?

5. Simmons .22 MAG 3-9×32 – Best Budget Scope

If you’re looking for a quality scope under $50 for a rimfire rifle, you must consider the Simmons .22 MAG 3-9×32. It’s about as basic as it gets as evident from its Truplex (duplex style) reticle to its fully coated lenses. But it’s a cheap scope that’s worth buying when the budget is limited.

Pros:

• Truplex reticle
• Rings included
• QTA eyepiece
• Lightweight
• Fog/waterproof

Cons:

• Included scope rings

It’s nice for a manufacturer to attempt to include all the components needed to get shooting out of the box, but unfortunately, it seems the included rings require a little work. This usually means some shimming or lapping them. Most people end up buying different rings.

With that out of the way, the .22 MAG scope is obviously made for rimfire rifles. Even with its 3-9×32 configuration, it’s one of the lightest riflescopes in this lot at 10 oz (approx.).

The 0.25 MOA turrets are finger adjustable and capped. There is a total of 60 MOA in adjustment travel for both the elevation and windage turrets.

Simmons highlights the QTA (Quick Target Acquisition) eyepiece that seems to be comparable to a quick focus eyepiece. Though you can adjust for your vision, the optics only have a fully coated treatment, so brightness and resolution will just be acceptable – not exquisite. However, I really like that it has a HydroShield lens coating for as cheap as this scope is.

Though you might hear of the .22 MAG scope having an AO or adjustable parallax feature – it does not! It has a fixed parallax setting for 50 yards.

Based on the optics and overall quality, it will be a standard performer for recreational applications. I’d say the Simmons scope will be a reasonable optic for plinking and maybe some small game hunting. For 50 bucks, it really can’t be beat.

6. Vortex Diamondback 2-7×35 Rimfire – Best for Close-Range

The Diamondback 2-7×35 Rimfire scope mightn’t seem like a far stretch from the Crossfire II 2-7×32 Rimfire. However, there are differences that could justify the jump up in price for the Diamondback.

Pros:

• Cost
• V-Plex reticle
• SFP reticle
• Resettable turrets
• Fog/waterproof

Cons:

• No illumination

As you can tell, the pros and cons are the same between the Diamondback and Crossfire II riflescopes. However, the differences are in the details. The Diamondback has a larger objective lens, wider FOV, and more adjustment travel with no consequence to size and weight. The real consequence is the increase in cost for these upgrades.

Like the Crossfire II, the Rimfire model has the V-Plex reticle. However, the Diamondback V-Plex Rimfire reticle is excellent in drawing the eye to the center with 1 MOA size posts and even thinner 0.3 MOA center crosshairs. This V-Plex is thicker than the Crossfire II V-Plex!

This is great especially for those with aging vision. However, without an option for illumination, there’s only so much you can do in low-light and against dark, shaded terrains.

For most people, this is not always an issue. The benefits of having a simple reticle, resettable to zero turrets, finger adjustments, and a Vortex-tough build are worth it. Focus should not be an issue from 0-100 yards as parallax is set to 50 yards – the perfect middle-ground for all things rimfire.

With the famous VIP warranty to back the scope, there’s little to dislike about the Vortex rimfire scope.

7. Leupold VX-Freedom 3-9×40 Rimfire MOA – Best for Long-Range

The Leupold VX-Freedom series is a well-known and affordable line of scopes from Leupold. The 3-9×40 model incorporates a traditional configuration but adds a unique touch with the Rimfire MOA reticle to hit long-range targets with 3x zoom.

Pros:

• Rimfire MOA reticle
• Finger-click adjustments
• 0.25 MOA adjustments
• 60-yard fixed parallax
• Fog/waterproof

Cons:

• No illumination

The bold lines of the reticle are 1 MOA while the hashmarks are 0.25 MOA in size. This is good for minimal subtension on targets, and should be easy for old eyes to see – even in low light though it lacks illumination.

Apparently, the VX-Freedom series of riflescopes are designed, machined, and assembled in the USA. Short way of saying it, it’s made in the USA. It’s fog, shock, and waterproof, and although it’s going to be excellent for the 22LR, it’ll certainly handle recoil from sitting on a centerfire rifle.

What makes it perfect for the .22 is the unique Rimfire MOA reticle. Sitting in the second focal plane, subtension is only accurate at max 9x power. The 3:1 ratio zoom (3X) provides 3-9x variable magnification that used to be the standard for most applications. Now, the 4x 3-12x configuration is replacing the one-time standard. I’d consider the 3-9x a traditional platform that has proven its worth time and time again.

Though simple in design and application, the VX Freedom scope has finger-click adjustments in 0.25 MOA increments. It has fixed parallax of 60 yards which is a great setting considering the average distance shots for a .22.

Made to be ideal for the .22 in reticle, focus, and ease of use, the Leupold VX-Freedom could be a top scope for competition and long-range shots.

A Guide to Choosing the Best Rimfire Scope for 22LR

Cost

On average, any riflescope can be used on a rimfire rifle. Rimfire scope features include reticle type, close-range focus, and usually an overall theme of simplicity. This generally results in a scope that is affordable with low to mid-range magnification, and fixed parallax of 50 or 60 yards.

Scope Type for 22LR

Overall, there is a plethora of .22LR firearms from handguns to carbine pistols, flat-top ARs, and bolt and lever action rifles. This provides a wide variety of optic options to mount to a firearm with the .22LR cartridge.

The nice thing about these types of scopes is that they can be used on 17 HMR to even some or all centerfire cartridge firearms too (depending on quality and application of course).

Some of the best types of optics to mount to your 22 may depend on the firearm. For example, a red dot sight could be best for an AR-15 while a scope would be fantastic for the bolt-action rifle.

Reticle

In general, most shooters are not concerned with bullet drop and may just hold over for distances that they’ve memorized. Most scopes designed for the rimfire cartridge will have a simple, duplex reticle. More complex rimfire reticles offer BDC features for drop and wind holdovers.

The BDC (Bullet Drop Compensation) reticles are nice to have for those that are taking long shots out to 200 yards or sometimes more.

Additionally, most scopes are set in the SFP (Second Focal Plane). The reticle and crosshairs remain at full size throughout the entire magnification range.

For more info on reticle types, check out our reticles guide. For more info on FFP VS SFP, we have a guide on focal planes too!

Focus/Parallax

Many centerfire riflescopes that have fixed parallax will have the focus set at around 100-150 yards. Since this is usually the max distance when shooting .22LR rounds, this can make it slightly inconvenient when shooting inside 100 yards and as close as 10 yards.

As a result, most rimfire scopes have a parallax setting of between 10-100 yards with the average at 50 and 60 yards. This provides clarity throughout the entire magnification range and minimizes the effects of parallax.

Of course, you can always practice a consistent cheekweld to peer down the optical axis of the scope to eliminate parallax completely, but you can read more about that in this scope parallax guide.

Warranty

Not all riflescope warranties are equal. Some manufacturers have a warranty that precedes them for their unconditional coverage while others have limitations that can prevent cost-free repairs or resale. Regardless of how much is spent on a riflescope, a good warranty is always worth looking into.

FAQ’s

Top Rimfire .22LR Scope: Which is Best?

There are a lot of rimfire scopes that are perfect for the .22 LR. Setting the budget would help to narrow down the list, and from there, other features can be determined to be suitable and appropriate or unnecessary.

The takeaway is that a rimfire scope has features suited to a rimfire firearm. Sure, you can put a Vortex Razor or NightForce ATACR on there, but I’d say it’s overkill.

Usually, the best scope for a .22 is the one that will get used, maximizes fun in the field or at the range, and doesn’t cost you an arm and a leg.

Further Reading

• Ozark Armament Rhino 4x Prism Sight Review (Range Tested)
• Ozark Armament Rhino Red Dot Sight Review (Range Tested)
• How to Measure Scope Ring Height (With Pics & Calculations)
• How to Adjust a Rifle Scope: 6 Scope Adjustments Explained!
• How to Level a Scope on a Rifle [Step-by-Step With Pics]

Are you an old dog that can’t learn new tricks? Some seasoned turkey hunters get hooked on specific turkey calls and will often neglect the vast majority of other great options that come out. While it’s tough to argue with their experience, trying new calls can be a huge advantage. This is especially true with someone who has decades of hunting and calling turkeys under their belt. So why not try something new and maybe find your new best turkey call? While a glass turkey call isn’t by any means new to the market, some people seem hesitant to use it. In the video below, Michael walks you through a few reasons why you should really consider adding a glass turkey call to your turkey vest this spring.

Glass vs. Slate Debate

If you already use pot calls, there’s a good chance you have a slate call or two. And while slate turkey calls do produce deep and realistic tones that work great on turkeys (have we mentioned the Lights Out slate call?), they have some disadvantages in certain situations. For example, they usually lose their effectiveness when they get wet. A surprise rain event, high humidity, or dropping it in the dewy morning grass can all spell disaster for your turkey hunt if that’s the only turkey call you have with you.

Glass turkey calls, on the other hand, don’t lose their ability to make turkey sounds when they get wet. If they get soaked by the rain, you probably won’t be thrilled to keep hunting, but the striker will keep making realistic sounds as if nothing happened.

Michael comments “Typically glass calls run better when it comes to moisture in the spring, when you get a thunderstorm that pops up obviously being soaking wet causes a problem but glass calls typically run better in moisture..where a slate call has a deeper, richer tone, but water can completely clam the call up”.

Another benefit of a glass turkey call is that it can easily produce a hen’s raspy notes while also having a high pitch. So when you first start dragging the striker across the surface, it starts out very high pitched and shifts to lower raspy tones. This is a big advantage for cutting through the woods and reaching out to distant toms. The Sweet April glass call is a great choice for this. The tuned mahogany cup has glass over glass, and comes with a durable hardwood striker.

Best Uses for a Glass Turkey Call

As you can see, both kinds of turkey calls work great in different scenarios. And there are other types too (e.g., crystal, aluminum, ceramic, etc.) that work well – we’re not here to slam any of them. But with the benefits of glass calls discussed above, there are a few scenarios where a glass turkey call has the upper hand.

First, if you hunt in areas where high humidity is a constant companion during turkey season (i.e., the South) or you expect occasional spring showers, a glass turkey call is probably a better choice to take with you. Turkeys can be a little more predictable in the rain, so if you can stick it out and keep hunting, a glass call will help you much more than a slate call.

Second, we mentioned that glass calls have the advantage of being high-pitched. You don’t always want a super loud call, as it might spook toms or make them hang up and wait for a hen to come to them. But this high pitch can cut through the woods better than lower tones without being at a high volume. For this reason, a glass call can reach out and strike a turkey from afar very well. As an interested tom closes the distance, you can switch to a mouth call for the close range action, which eliminates the extra movement. But for that first contact at distant turkeys, a glass call is tough to beat.

“If I had one friction call in my turkey bag it would be a glass call…it has a higher pitch, and a higher tone typically than a slate call…its sharp, precise, cuts through the wind, so it makes for a great call to strike a turkey..some of those sweeter, more subtle calls are not as good at striking a turkey” Michael explains.

As we said, we’re not here to knock other turkey calls – they all have their place. But if you’re not already using a glass turkey call, you could be missing out! Michael is demonstrating the sweet april call in this video, take a look by clicking the link below!