There are clothing items and den items in Animal Jam that can only be obtained during certain events in the game. The Sheep Cloak is one of those items. It was released on January 20, 2017, and was obtainable as a gift for completing the Message In A Bottle event.

The Message In A Bottle event started on October 27, 2016, and lasted until January 20, 2017. If you managed to partake in the event between those dates, and complete it, you had a chance to obtain amazing prizes. On the last day of the event, the Sheep Cloak was rewarded to those that completed it. This means that you only had a day to obtain it, making it extremely rare.

Sheep Cloak Appearance

The Sheep Cloak almost looks like a giant ball of sheep fleece. There are curls all around it, and when you put it on your animal, it will look like a ball of fur. The cloak is definitely puffier and larger than you would expect. There are two variants available; the regular grey/white one, and a glitched, full magenta variant. This is what the regular Sheep Cloak looks like.

Glitched Sheep Cloak – Magenta

If you completed the Message In A Bottle event within the first hour of release, the Sheep Cloak you would receive would be glitched. The glitched version is full magenta, instead of the regular grey/white. You can see what the glitched variant looks like in the picture below.

How to Get a Sheep Cloak in Animal Jam

There is currently only one way to obtain the Sheep Cloak, which is by trading. This method will take a lot of patience, and will require you to offer up your own valuable items, but it works! It is no longer possible to obtain the Sheep Cloak by completing the Message In A Bottle event.

Trading

The Sheep Cloak is currently valued extremely high. You will not be able to persuade a trader to put up their Sheep Cloak against your regular items. On several Animal Jam trading forums, you will find players asking for a Sheep Cloak, but traders comment that their offers are far too low.

If you are a collector on Animal Jam, you probably have valuable items of your own. Offering up those items for the Sheep Cloak is your only way to even get a chance of obtaining one. Keep in mind that, while the cloak is extremely valuable, it is not worth it losing all your items over. You will always get a chance to obtain it. However, it will just take a lot of time, as well as patience.

AJ Sheep Cloak Codes

There are currently no working codes for the Sheep Cloak, and there probably never will be any. If you weren’t around for the Message In A Bottle event, and you are not willing to trade for it, you will not have a chance to ever obtaining one for yourself. Any website claiming they have working codes for the Sheep Cloak is out to scam you, and you should stay far away from them!

Compiled by DU Magazine Editors

The fall Canada goose migration is one of the grandest spectacles in the natural world. Flying south in large V formations, these big, garrulous birds capture the attention—and the imaginations—of folks all across the country. Hunters in particular look forward to this fall flight as honkers gather in great numbers on migration and wintering areas. Resident geese are also part of the show, and together these birds offer waterfowlers plenty of exciting hunting opportunities.

Over the years, Canada goose hunting has become a highly specialized sport. It takes a combination of hunting savvy, good equipment, and persistent effort to consistently outwit these challenging game birds. Here are 40 tips from some of the nation’s top Canada goose hunting experts to help you bag more geese this season.

Calling

Follow this sound advice to become a more effective goose caller in the field by Wade Bourne

1. Choose the Right Call

Canada goose calls come in three basic styles: resonant chamber, flute, and short-reed. Resonant chamber calls are the easiest to use but are limited in the range of sounds they can make. Flute calls, which take more skill to blow, produce a broader range of sounds and are more realistic and mellow in tone. Short-reed calls produce the widest range of Canada goose sounds and are the handiest calls for expressing excitement and aggression. They are also louder than other calls and require less air to operate. Learning to blow a short-reed call effectively does take some practice, but this call’s versatility makes it well worth the effort for serious goose hunters.

2. Seek Proper Instruction

The best way to learn to call geese is to work one-on-one with an experienced caller. An expert can help you develop proper calling techniques and avoid some of the pitfalls and bad habits that can plague novice callers. The next best way to learn is to watch an instructional DVD or online video. These resources offer plenty of how-to instruction and tips for improving your calling.

3. Start with the Basics

To imitate Canada geese you need to learn four basic calls. The first and most identifiable sound is the honk, which is typically a relaxed, contented call. A cluck is a shorter, faster honk with more intensity and excitement. A murmur is the sound that geese make while feeding and loafing. A moan is a universal call. Sometimes it signals contentment, other times excitement—and it’s typically made by geese in flight or on the water. All other Canada goose calls consist of combinations or variations of these four fundamental sounds.

4. Pour It on Distant Birds

When geese are passing at long distances, hit them with a “wall of sound.” That is, call with loud, continuous honks, clucks, and moans. Produce as much excitement as possible. Do so with a loud, high-pitched call that cracks sharply between low and high notes. Continue hailing the geese with this rapid, loud calling style until they turn your way or fly out of earshot. The goal here is to capture their attention and convince them to come to you instead of flying on to their intended destination.

5. Ease Off When You Turn ’Em

Once Canada geese turn in your direction, shift from loud calling to “ground talk”—contented calls that geese make on the ground. These include murmurs, moans, and occasional clucks. At the same time, be careful to gauge the birds’ reactions. If they start sliding away, revert back to more excited, aggressive honks and clucks. As soon as the flock turns back toward your calling, tone it down again. The more experience you gain, the better you’ll be at adjusting the mood and tempo of your calling to match the reactions of the geese.

6. Convince Them with Comebacks

When Canada geese approach a decoy spread and suddenly veer away, try using comeback calls to convince the birds to return. Many callers believe that only excited moans should be used in this situation. In fact, just about any form of enthusiastic calling can be used to persuade geese to turn back. One very effective comeback routine is a combination of moans, clucks, and spit notes blown loudly and rapidly. The idea is to use excitement and forceful calling to overcome the departing birds’ timidity and pull them back toward the decoys.

7. Synchronize Your Calling

Multiple callers can frequently exert more “pulling power” over a flock of geese than one caller alone. The notes are doubled or tripled, thereby increasing the excitement and attraction to passing birds. Remember, though, that there’s more to it than simply making more noise. Callers should work together to sound as natural as possible. For example, one caller might blow a flute call to produce mellower notes while his partner blows a short-reed call to make higher, sharper sounds. Having a lead caller who sets the tone for others by telling them when to ease off or pour it on is also helpful. Callers should practice calling together to synchronize their cadences and learn to avoid piling notes on top of each other. Be mindful that too much calling can spook geese. If a flock shies away, one or more callers should quit calling to reduce the pressure.

8. Call Carefully on Big Water

On big rivers, lakes, and marshes an abundance of water gives geese plenty of potential landing spots. Catching the attention of flocks passing at long distances and steering them toward your spread is essential in such situations. If the wind is high or the geese are flight birds, call loudly and continuously, toning it down as they draw closer. When the wind is calm or if the geese are local birds coming off a nearby refuge, reduce the noise and call with more discretion than force. In this latter case, use a call that’s deeper pitched and softer.

9. Build Your Skills in the Field

After mastering the four basic calls, practice making them until they become second nature. Learn calling routines that communicate a range of emotions—from calm and relaxed to excited and aggressive. Visit areas where Canada geese rest and feed, and observe how their calls match their interactions. Finally, spend as much time in the goose pit or blind as possible. Experience is one of the best teachers in goose calling. Learn what works best in different hunting situations, and enjoy the success that will come as your calling skills improve.

10. Don’t Overdo It

The biggest mistake most goose callers make is overcalling. Too many callers mistake speed and volume for emotion. Calling geese is more art than science. There’s a definite feel to it. You have to learn to read how the birds are reacting to your calling and make adjustments as you go. Call with a “message” instead of blowing a lot of fast notes. As mentioned earlier, there’s a lot more to goose calling than simply making noise.

Decoys

Set a better goose spread with these tips from the Avery Outdoors pro staff by Bill Buckley

11. Set Decoys Near Good Cover

Keep concealment in mind when you are placing your decoys in open fields or pastures. You will almost always bag more birds by hunting where you can hide, even if it puts you 50 to 100 yards off the X. Look for rows of tall grass, piles of crop stubble, or a dip in the terrain where you can conceal layout blinds. Use online satellite land-cover maps and apps to find good concealment spots that you may not see from ground level. —Casey Self, Kansas

12. Avoid Getting Stuck in a Rut

Hunt the same area with the same spread day after day and it won’t take long for local geese to recognize and avoid your decoys. As the season progresses, give your spread a fresh look by varying the number of decoys you use as well as the configuration. Watch how the birds react. If they’re not decoying the way you’d hoped, change up your spread. Otherwise your luck isn’t likely to change. —Kevin Addy, Pennsylvania

13. Don’t Mix Up Your Decoys

Each type of decoy creates a certain illusion. This is true whether you’re using full-body decoys, shells, wind socks, or silhouettes. Mixing these different decoy types can give your spread a mismatched look, which can keep geese from finishing like they should. Full-body and shell decoys of the same brand are the exception to this rule because they are similar enough in appearance to be used in the same spread. In almost all other cases you’ll see better results if you stick to using one type of decoy in your spread. —Mike Bard, New York

14. Balance Your Spread

Whatever the size of your spread, it should consist of roughly 80 percent feeder and 20 percent “active” decoys. Group most of the feeders upwind of where you want the birds to land, near the spread’s center. Then place the active decoys downwind of this group to look like birds that just landed and are walking toward the feeders. Position some actives around the outside of the spread in small bunches of three to seven decoys, keeping in mind that it’s normal for geese to have their heads up when they first land. You can also position lines of feeders to mimic geese that are competing for a concentrated food source. Watch birds in the fields when you’re scouting and set your spread to imitate them. —Vance Stolz, Colorado

15. Be a Contrarian

If everyone else in your area is hunting in the middle of cornfields, try setting up somewhere else, such as a pasture pond, river bend, field edge, or anywhere that geese are not accustomed to seeing hunters. If other hunters are using big spreads of full-bodies, try a significantly smaller spread of highly realistic fully-flocked decoys. The goal is to make your spread look different from what the majority of hunters in your area are using. —Ben Cade, Minnesota

16. Scale Down Your Setup

You can deploy the best decoy spread in the country, but you won’t fire a shot if you don’t have adequate concealment. The more layout blinds you use, the greater your chances of being seen by incoming geese. If you have six hunters, try setting out three layout blinds and then rotating shooters among them. Escaping detection by decoying geese should be your number one priority. You can also control the hunt better with fewer blinds. Communication is easier. And it’s also easier to call the shots when the geese are coming straight into the decoys, which can result in higher-percentage shooting. —Travis Mueller, Iowa

17. Spread Out Decoys and Hunters

As the season progresses, geese get wise to rows of layout blinds and masses of decoys. By spreading out hunters (always with safety foremost in mind) and hiding them in clusters of decoys, you accomplish several things. First, birds conditioned to looking for rows of blinds will have a harder time spotting danger. Second, setting decoys in scattered family groups mimics a natural, relaxed flock and gives you a bigger footprint and more drawing power. And finally, flagging and calling locations are also dispersed, making you look and sound less like a group of hunters and more like an actual flock of geese. —Ben Cade, Minnesota

18. Get Out of the Way

Late-season geese are adept at spotting suspicious rows of bumps—telltale signs of hunters lying in wait. Setting up with your blinds facing downwind—and therefore directly in line with the birds’ approach—only invites trouble. To reduce the likelihood of being detected, place your blinds 10 yards to the side of the landing hole or parallel to the wind. Now the geese will see nothing but decoys in front of them, and your crossing shots will likely be at backpedaling birds. —Mike Bard, New York

19. Bring High Incomers Down

Few situations are more frustrating than high-flying geese coming straight over your spread and seeing your blinds, as often happens on days with little or no wind. To prevent this from ruining your hunt, grab six decoys and walk 50 to 60 yards downwind (or in the direction the geese are coming) and place them in two groups on either side of your spread. While this will certainly position these decoys beyond gun range, the whole idea is to get approaching birds to lose altitude. When the next flock approaches, the geese will likely focus on these decoys and start dropping. Don’t call until the birds commit, and then be prepared to call and flag aggressively to prevent them from short-stopping. Once you pull the birds past the downwind decoys, call only as much as is needed to keep them on a string. —Casey Self, Kansas

20. Keep Frost Off Your Decoys

Frost presents a real challenge for goose hunters on cold, clear mornings. Even fully flocked decoys can frost up quickly under such conditions, and when the sun rises they’ll shine and flare geese. To reduce the chances of your decoys frosting up, brush up your blinds and organize your guns and gear first, then set out the decoys right before shooting time—as late as you can without missing the first flight. The less time the decoys have to collect frost before sunup, the better. —Arliss Reed, New York

Strategies

These time-honored tactics are sure to improve your goose hunting success by Wade Bourne

21. Find the “X”

In the morning, Canada geese will typically return to the spot where they were feeding the previous afternoon. This is why scouting is crucial. When you find a feeding flock, wait until the birds fly back to roost before going into the field to pinpoint their feeding area. Check the ground for fresh droppings, and when you locate them, take a GPS reading or mark the spot so you can return to it the next morning in the dark.

22. Follow the Leader

Every goose hunting party should have a recognized leader. The job should typically go to the most experienced hunter or caller. The leader watches the geese work and determines not only when to call and flag based on the birds’ reactions but also when to shoot. By directing the calling and shooting for the group, the leader helps ensure that other hunters stay concealed and that the hunt progresses smoothly and safely.

23. Don’t Forget to Flag

Flagging goes hand in hand with calling and should be used primarily to gain the attention of passing geese. Several hunters waving flags intermittently can help pull birds in by simulating a flock of geese landing among the decoys. When the geese turn toward your spread, however, only the lead caller should flag, and he or she should stop flagging when the birds fully commit and are on their final approach. If the geese veer away, resume flagging and calling to regain their attention and turn them back toward the decoys.

24. Hunt without Decoys

While most Canada geese are taken over decoy spreads, pass-shooting and jump-shooting are also effective hunting methods for these birds. Pass-shooters should scout to see where geese are entering and exiting a feeding field, then position themselves in cover beneath these flight lanes. Try to hide as close to a feeding area as possible to intercept low-flying birds. Sometimes a call can be used to entice geese (especially singles) to fly directly overhead. Jump-shooters should use cover such as thickets and fencerows and other topographical features to slip within range of feeding geese and shoot them when they flush. Success with both of these techniques requires sound strategy, patience, and good concealment. Like all waterfowlers, pass- and jump-shooters have an ethical responsibility to not take shots at geese at marginal ranges.

25. Get Low in Small Spreads

Not all hunters can deploy dozens of full-body decoys that offer enough concealment to hide several layout blinds. If you’re using a small spread of three to four dozen decoys, a good way to make layout blinds disappear is to dig them in (with the landowner’s permission). This helps lower a blind’s profile, making it much harder for geese to spot. It takes only a few minutes to dig a shallow “grave” to conceal a layout blind. With mud or sand filled in around its edges and camouflaged with natural vegetation, you will be virtually invisible to incoming birds.

26. Don’t Limit Layout Blinds

Layout blinds aren’t just for field hunting. These portable hides can also be used effectively in other locations, such as on river sandbars, mudflats, pond edges, and sheet water collected in fields after a heavy rain. Some layout blinds can even be equipped with waterproof tubs that allow them to be used in water up to a foot deep.

27. Mind the Details

Pay attention to small details to make your hunting setups as natural looking as possible. For example, when camouflaging layout blinds in a cornfield, use stubble gathered onsite. Add additional stubble to blinds as needed during the hunt. Also, be sure to pick up spent shotgun shells and keep your eyes open for anything out of place that might alert geese to danger.

28. Take it Easy with Young Retrievers

Retrieving a full-sized Canada goose can be a daunting prospect for a young duck dog. You can avoid an unpleasant experience that might dampen a retriever’s enthusiasm for goose hunting if you start your dog out on doves and ducks, and introduce him to geese only after he has a year of duck hunting behind him. If your dog shows some initial reluctance about retrieving a goose, go out into the field with him, pick up the bird, and encourage him to take it from your hand. Soon he should overcome his hesitancy and retrieve geese with gusto.

29. Hunt the Afternoon Flight

In bitter cold weather, Canada geese often adjust their daily routines to conserve energy. One of the ways the birds do this is by spending the morning on the roost and flying out to feed when the temperature peaks during the afternoon. At these times, scouting is essential to determine exactly when and where the geese are feeding. Once you have the birds patterned, get to the field early to make sure you have plenty of time to set up before the first flights arrive.

30. Get Real in the Snow

Grainfields covered in snow can provide productive goose hunting, but you usually have to put in some extra effort to ensure success. For example, you can make your spread look more realistic to approaching geese by using rakes and shovels to expose large areas of dirt and stubble both downwind of and among the decoys. These disturbed areas, which look as if geese have been rooting under the snow to find food, are visible to birds in flight from a good distance. Conceal layout blinds with snow covers and Avery Real Snow Spray to blend in with the white background.

Shooting

Here’s how to make every shot count on your next goose hunt by Phil Bourjaily

31. Angle Blinds for Better Shots

If you shoot right-handed, position your layout blind slightly to the right of the landing hole. You can swing much farther to the left than you can to the right, so this will provide you with more shooting opportunities than if you were facing directly downwind. Position any left-handed shooters on the right end of the line, so they can intercept any geese that slide off on that side.

32. Use Leverage in Layout Blinds

If you have trouble sitting up to shoot out of a layout blind, dig a depression under your seat so you’re partially sitting up when you recline. Alternatively, you can scoop some dirt out from under your feet, which will allow you to dig into the ground with your heels to help you sit up.

33. Carry Lighter Loads for Cripples

If you hunt without a retriever, keep extra shells in your pocket while you’re goose hunting so you’ll have ammo on hand if you need to dispatch crippled geese. Steel 2s or 4s will do the job just fine at about 15 yards.

34. Be Clear on Shot Calling

Agree beforehand who will call the shot and what types of shots the group should take. Although one person should call the shot, there’s nothing wrong with talking it over as the birds approach and reaching a group decision about when to take ’em. Positioning the blinds fairly close together so the whole party can communicate helps everyone stay on the same page as well.

35. Focus on the Head

To ensure clean kills, try for a head shot when geese are decoying at close range. The distinctive black-and-white markings on a Canada goose’s head make it a highly visible target. It’s a good size as well, comparable to the body of a mourning dove. A close-range shot to the head will bag the bird cleanly without leaving a lot of pellets in the breast.

36. Don’t Pass Up Good Shots

When geese hang right over the blinds on a calm day and look down at you from 30 yards up, you might as well shoot. The birds’ vitals are exposed, offering a good killing shot if your gun is loaded with BBs or larger pellets. There’s a good chance those birds are going to see you, especially on windless, sunny days when there are shadows on the ground around the blinds. In my experience, geese rarely commit under such conditions so don’t hesitate to take a good shot if you have one.

37. Slow Down When You Shoot

One trick for successfully shooting geese, especially at longer ranges, is to move the gun more slowly than you think is necessary. Swing slowly through the bird from behind, and pull the trigger when you see some daylight between the barrel and the goose’s head. Most people swing too fast and try to shoot too far in front of geese. Slow down and watch them drop.

38. Be Sure of Your Pattern

The best all-around steel pellet for hunting large Canada geese is BBs, while BBBs and Ts are better at longer ranges. Whatever shot size and choke you choose, your pattern should deliver a minimum of 60 pellets in a 30-inch circle at the longest range you plan to shoot. Anything less lacks the pattern density to ensure multiple pellet strikes in a goose’s vital areas.

39. Get the Gunk Out

To keep semiautomatic shotguns running in the very cold conditions that make for great goose hunts, strip all the oil out of the action and moving parts with something like Birchwood Casey Gun Scrubber Firearm Cleaner. It’s a messy, smelly process, so you’ll want to do the stripping outside. Spray the solvent into the action until it runs out clean, then lightly lube all the moving parts with Break-Free CLP. Be sure to give the magazine tube the same treatment.

40. Always Wear Earplugs

All waterfowlers should take precautions to protect their hearing. Goose hunters in particular are vulnerable to hearing loss from shooting magnum guns with heavy loads. I wear earplugs whenever I hunt. I can hear surprisingly well with them in, and I can still hear today because I wear them.

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Final Verdict

If you’re looking for a tote-everywhere flask, Stanley’s Classic Flask can’t be beaten, hitting the perfect sweet spot of affordable, thoughtfully constructed, and durable. If you’re working with a larger budget, Snow Peak’s Titanium Curve Flask has built up a loyal fan base for a reason.

What to Look For in a Flask

Use

The most important question to consider is how will you use it? Is this going to be slipped into a bag, purse, or pocket for sipping on the sly? Will you take it with you for walking and adventuring in the outdoors? Your intended use is a strong determining factor for what type of flask to purchase.

Material

Similar to use, the material is important. You might prefer something lightweight; typically, stainless steel isn’t a very heavy material for flasks, and it’s easy to clean. Maybe you need a material that’s more durable or that’s got some reinforcements around the edges with silicone. Perhaps you’re looking to gift a flask and like the looks of those wrapped in leather or other materials. Some flasks will benefit from polishing, too, to keep them shiny; that’s another consideration. How much do you want to have to fuss with your flask?

Capacity

Flasks can vary quite a bit in their capacity for liquid. Many hover around 6 ounces, but others can hold up to 8, 10, or even 11 ounces. Some are oversized and designed that way (such as those that can hold up an entire bottle of wine), which makes them great for taking on the go and sharing with others.

FAQs

What should a flask be made from?

Most flasks (although not all) are made from high-grade stainless steel that resists rusting and can be cleaned easily. The exterior can be polished but doesn’t scratch easily, and stainless steel doesn’t typically impart any taste to whatever contents you put in the flask.

How do you clean a flask?

The easy answer is soap and water. But if your flask has started to take on a smell, a bottle brush will help get into the corners for a deeper clean. Boiling water will help break down lingering scents, or if you’re looking for something more heavy-duty, add white vinegar or lemon juice and water to the flask, close it up, and give it a good shake. Rinse several times in hot water to remove that acidic smell.

How many ounces/liquid does a flask hold?

Flasks are available in a range of sizes, though the standard flask holds 8 ounces. Larger flasks are available if you’re carrying drinks for two.

What alcohol is best for a flask?

The best thing to sip from a flask is hard liquor, be it scotch, rum, bourbon, brandy, or gin. Anything below 40% ABV—that means beer, wine, and cocktails—will not keep well in a flask.

Why Trust Liquor.com?

Kate Dingwall is an experienced spirits writer and glassware collector. She has been writing about the bar and spirits world for five years, from the best glassware to the most spirited tomes.

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What is the best long range muzzleloader for you in 2024?

Muzzleloaders have come a long way from the more primitive flintlock and percussion cap traditional muzzleloaders carried by most hunters in the 18th and 19th centuries. Indeed, the most advanced long range muzzleloaders available today offer capability that rivals the performance delivered by traditional centerfire rifles.

However, the situation can be pretty confusing at times. The big manufacturers are constantly introducing new muzzleloading rifle models each year, but they’re not always legal to use where you plan on hunting. Additionally, it’s also sometimes really tough get past the hype and media promotion that surrounds all new products in the outdoor industry.

From one hunter to another, trust me when I say that I’ve experienced a lot of that same frustration myself.

While there are some outstanding long range muzzleloader choices these days, they’re not all the same and some are much better choices for certain hunters than others. At the same time, some are legal to use in certain states, but not others.

Things are constantly changing on that front. Additionally, as you’ll learn here soon, the big manufactures have specifically designed some of their long range muzzleloaders to be legal for use during the muzzleloader seasons in many states.

So with all that in mind, I’m sharing my picks of the best long range muzzleloaders for hunters in 2024 so you can make an informed decision and choose the best long range muzzleloader for you.

Remember: rules and regulations regarding hunting with a muzzleloader can vary quite a bit from state to state. Certain muzzleloaders may be legal to hunt with in one state, but illegal to use during muzzleloader season during a neighboring state. It’s up to you to check local regulations in order to verify that you’re using legal equipment.

Before we get started, here’s a disclaimer: some of the links below are affiliate links. This means I will earn a small commission if you make a purchase.

This commission comes at no extra cost to you. This helps support the blog and allows me to continue to create free content that’s useful to hunters like yourself. Thanks for your support.

Now that we’ve got that out of the way, let’s get started.

CVA Accura LR-X

Basically, CVA designed the Accura LR-X muzzleloader to incorporate many of the great features of the CVA Paramount, but still use a standard 209 ignition with a regular magnum (instead of super magnum) powder charge.

So, the CVA Accura LR-X uses the new CVA X-Treme stock with an adjustable comb height to fit any shooter and optic selection. This is a great feature to help hunters obtain a proper cheek weld regardless of whether they’re using open sights or a scope. This is especially important for a long shot.

Like the Paramount line of long range muzzleloaders, the 30″ long barrel for the Accura LR-X is free-floated and has a threaded muzzle to accept the new Paramount Muzzle Brake. As you can imagine, these rifles have excellent accuracy potential and are great options for hunters who want great extended range performance without stepping up to the heavier and much more expensive CVA Paramount.

Additionally, the Accura LR-X is available in either .45 or .50 caliber. The .45 caliber version uses a fast 1:22″ rifling twist and the .50 caliber version uses a 1:28″ rifling twist. However, the really cool thing about these muzzleloaders is they can use the .45 or .50 caliber PowerBelt ELR bullets.

Especially with the .50 caliber LR-X, it’s important to use a full magnum charge (120gr of Blackhorn 209 or 3x 50gr 777 pellets) to get best accuracy with the PowerBelt ELR. That 1:28″ rifling twist will properly stabilize the longer PowerBelt ELR bullets and they’ll still reliably expand on impact, but only at higher velocities.

The upside is that these muzzleloaders will also shoot standard .45 or .50 caliber bullets (both full bore and saboted bullets) very well too.

In fact, CVA even offers a full money back guarantee for their Accura rifles if they aren’t the most accurate muzzleloaders you’ve ever shot.

Additionally, the CVA Accura LR-X comes with a Bergara barrel featuring a Nitride AND CeraKote finish on the exterior for even better corrosion resistance than a typical stainless steel barrel. Though it’s not totally corrosion proof, this Nitride and CeraKote finish is still extremely durable and resistant to corrosion, which is especially nice for hunters who live in wet climates.

The CVA Accura LR-X also has a lot of the same features of the standard CVA Wolf, Optima, Accura muzzleloaders like their Quick-Release Breech Plug, fully ambidextrous stock, and simple break open action.

Like I said, the CVA Accura LR-X is a less expensive and lighter alternative to the CVA Paramount that still has higher end features like a free floated barrel, adjustable stock, and the ability to use the more aerodynamic PowerBelt ELR bullets.

It uses a standard magnum powder charge, so muzzle velocities won’t be quite as high as with the Paramount, but the Accura won’t have quite as much recoil either. The Accura LR-X also uses 209 primers (instead of variflame ignition), but you can buy a conversion kit if you’d like.

All things considered, this is one of the best long range muzzleloaders CVA currently produces for those who want a little bit more reach without spending a lot of money, quite as much recoil, or as much weight. It’s also still a very flexible muzzleloader that will work really well with standard bullets at closer range if so desired.

For those reasons, this is a very flexible muzzleloader that will work great for deer hunting east of the Mississippi as well as game like mule deer, elk, and pronghorn out west where ranges can be a little longer.

• Overall Length: 45″
• Barrel Length: 30″
• Weight: 8.1lbs
• Sighting System: Iron Sights & Drilled/Tapped For Scope Mount or With Mounted Scope
• Caliber: .45 or .50 Caliber Magnum
• Ignition System: 209 Primers

BUY A CVA ACCURA LR-X HERE

Remington 700 Ultimate Muzzleloader

Since first hitting the market nearly a decade ago, the Remington 700 Ultimate Muzzleloader (UML) was the only real option for hunters wanting a good factory production long range muzzleloader (the Gunwerks muzzleloader and many of the various smokeless muzzleloaders are a custom job that’s significantly more expensive). Indeed, it was the best long-range muzzleloader in mass production for many years by the simple fact that it was the only real option for hunters who didn’t want a custom muzzleloader.

Remington has gone through a lot of turmoil in recent years, but they’re back in business now and producing the Remington 700 UML again (along with many of their other popular firearms).

Don’t let the fact that the Remington 700 UML is an older design (compared to the other muzzleloaders on this list) keep you from purchasing one either. It is still one of the best long range muzzleloaders money can buy.

What makes the Remington UML special?

Instead of a musket cap or a standard 209 primer, the Remington UML uses a special brass magnum rifle casing and a standard magnum rifle primer. This ignition system allows the muzzleloader to safely use up to 200 grains of black powder substitute, which is significantly more than most other muzzleloaders.

That’s even more propellant than the much newer CVA Paramount normally uses.

The Remington Model 700 Ultimate Muzzleloader was designed to use 250 grain Barnes Premier muzzleloader bullets that have a special sabot designed to handle those exceptionally large powder charges.

This bullet doesn’t have a very high BC like the PowerBelt ELR bullets used by the Paramount, but the Remington 700 UML can shoot those bullets at a very high velocity since it can use such a large powder charge.

While the Paramount might have an edge at longer range, the Remington 700 UML is no slouch either. Indeed, the Remington 700 is a very accurate muzzleloader, has a great barrel, uses the Remington adjustable X-Mark Pro trigger.

The fact that the Remington Ultimate muzzleloader is designed to use Barnes bullets is a definite plus for some hunters who like the terminal performance delivered by those bullets. The same goes for those hunters who want (or are required) to hunt with lead free bullets.

All things considered, it’s highly regarded among muzzleloader hunters and is still a very capable tool for hunting situations out to approximately 300 yards, maybe a little farther depending on conditions. For all those reasons, the Remington Model 700 Ultimate Muzzleloader is another good choice if you’re looking at long range muzzleloaders.

• Overall Length: 47″
• Barrel Length: 26″
• Weight: 8.5lbs
• Sighting System: Iron Sights & Drilled/Tapped For Scope Mount or With Mounted Leupold/Vortex Scope
• Caliber: .50 Caliber Magnum
• Ignition System: Remington UML Ignition

BUY A REMINGTON 700 ULTIMATE MUZZLELOADER HERE

Traditions Vortek Strikerfire VAPR LDR

Traditions decided to go a slightly different direction from most of the competition with their Strikerfire line of long range muzzleloaders. Instead of using a traditional external hammer for ignition, the Traditions Vortek Strikerfire LDR incorporates an internal striker for ignition.

Similar to the firing pin system used by many modern firearms, this Strikerfire ignition system results in noticeably faster lock times and also allows hunters to mount their scope closer to the bore.

Additionally, Traditions also recently introduced their new VAPR barrels with a faster rifling twist. Instead of the 1:28″ twist that’s common with typical modern inline muzzleloaders, the Traditions VAPR barrels use a faster 1:24″ rifling twist. This allows hunters to use heavier and more aerodynamic bullets like the .50 caliber PowerBelt ELR.

Don’t worry, the Traditions Vortek Strikerfire LDR VAPR will still work great with lighter bullets, especially at shorter range. However, this does give that added capability at greater distances for hunters who want and/or need it.

It’s not quite as good at longer ranges as the CVA Paramount and Remington 700 UML. However, Traditions Vortek Strikerfire VAPR LDR with its 30-inch barrel is still a capable long range muzzleloader that’s available at a much lower price than those other muzzleloaders.

Additionally, this muzzleloader has a great, adjustable two-stage trigger that comes from the factory set at two pounds. It also has a Cerakote finish for corrosion resistance. The whole rifle weighs in at 6.8 pounds, which makes it by far the lightest rifle on this list of long range muzzleloaders.

All things considered, these features make the Traditions Vortek Strikerfire LDR VAPR one of the best long range muzzleloaders for hunters on a more strict budget.

So, if you want something with a little bit more reach than a typical modern inline muzzleloader without making the jump all the way up to the Paramount or even the Accura LRX, then the Traditions Vortek Strikerfire LDR VAPR is the long range muzzleloader for you.

• Overall Length: 46″
• Barrel Length: 30″
• Weight: 6.8lbs
• Sighting System: Drilled/Tapped For Scope Mounts or With Mounted Leupold/Vortex Scope
• Caliber: .50 Caliber Magnum
• Ignition System: 209 Primers

BUY A TRADITIONS VORTEK STRIKERFIRE VAPR LDR HERE

Note: CVA temporarily suspended production of all Paramount models during 2024 due to an ongoing lack of components (Blackhorn 209 and large rifle primers) for the end user. These are fantastic long range muzzleloaders, but their utility is severely hampered by the lack of availability of primers and powder right now. Be certain you can source appropriate components before purchasing one!

CVA Paramount

The Remington 700 Ultimate Muzzleloader (UML) was the best option for a long range muzzleloader for many years. However, that changed in 2019 with the introduction of the bolt-action CVA Paramount muzzleloader.

Not only did the Paramount likely dethrone the UML as the best long range muzzleloader, but the CVA Paramount was so successful that CVA introduced two new CVA Paramount models in recent years as well: the Paramount HTR and Paramount Pro.

We’ll talk about the CVA Paramount HTR and CVA Paramount Pro in more detail in a minute.

So, what makes the CVA Paramount line of long range muzzleloaders special?

CVA markets the Paramount line as capable of taking big game at ranges over 300 yards due to their outstanding accuracy, relatively flat trajectories, and really good resistance to wind drift.

The designers at CVA did this through a few important design principles.

First, the base model Paramount is a .45 caliber muzzleloader designed to use a “super magnum” charge of up to 160 grains of loose powder. This is significantly more than the 120 grain maximum charge of Blackhorn 209 other muzzleloaders typically use.

Second, the muzzleloader uses special adapters originally developed by Cecil Epps that permit the use of large rifle primers for hotter, more consistent, and faster ignition than with standard 209 primers.

Third, unlike most muzzleloaders, the CVA Paramount has a 26″ free-floating stainless steel Bergara barrel with a very fast rifling twist rate to stabilize the long, high BC bullets designed for use with these rifles. While most modern muzzleloaders have a 1:28″ twist rate, the Paramount has a 1:22″ twist rate.

Since the barrel is free-floated for better accuracy, the Paramount uses a collapsible ramrod that fits in an included pouch for use afield instead of storing the ramrod under the barrel.

Finally, CVA teamed up with PowerBelt to develop a line of new, extremely aerodynamic muzzleloader bullets specifically for the Paramount: the PowerBelt Extended Long Range (ELR). Each version of the PowerBelt ELR has a very high ballistic coefficient, so they retain energy and resist wind deflection exceptionally well.

The base model Paramount uses a .45 caliber 285gr PowerBelt ELR bullet.

Combined with the very high velocities that can be obtained by using super magnum charges of powder, this results in a very flat bullet trajectory for a muzzleloader that rivals the trajectory of some centerfire rifle cartridges.

The standard Paramount has a Bergara HMR stock that has adjustments for length of pull and cheek height and an internal aluminum chassis for rigidity. It also has an outstanding trigger and is just very easy to shoot accurately. Current production Paramounts also have a threaded muzzle and can use a muzzle brake to reduce felt recoil.

The end result is a long range muzzleloader that’s capable of incredible accuracy, has much less bullet drop at extended range than a typical muzzleloader load, and retains enough energy for impressive terminal performance on a wide range of game out past 300 yards.

CVA claims sub-MOA accuracy at 300 yards is very achievable with the Paramount and this has been my experience with this muzzleloader at the range.

All things considered, the CVA Paramount was a massive step forward in long range muzzleloader development and has been extremely well received by the hunting community. If you want an outstanding long range muzzleloader, then you really need to consider the CVA Paramount.

• Barrel Length: 26″
• Weight: 9.8lbs
• Sighting System: Accepts Remington 700 Pattern Scope Mount or With Mounted Leupold/Vortex Scope
• Caliber: .45 Caliber Magnum
• Ignition System: Vari-Flame Ignition

BUY A CVA PARAMOUNT HERE

CVA Paramount Pro

CVA introduced the Paramount Pro muzzleloader in 2020 as an upgrade to the original Paramount. While the CVA Paramount is an outstanding long range muzzleloader, the Paramount Pro is even better.

Here’s why.

Hunters had three primary complaints about the original CVA Paramount.

First, recoil is pretty stout, especially with maximum powder charges. Next, the original Paramount was pretty heavy. Finally, the .45 caliber Paramount was not legal to use for hunting all game in all states.

So, designers at CVA worked to address those issues with the CVA Paramount Pro.

Additionally, they also made a few other changes to improve the already impressive ballistic performance of the original CVA Paramount and make it an even better all-around long range muzzleloader.

First, the CVA Paramount Pro has an upgraded Greyboe Terrain Stock. This stock is quite a bit lighter than the original Paramount stock and is better for hunting applications, especially in rougher terrain.

Tipping the scales at 8.2 pounds, the CVA Paramount Pro weighs about a pound and a half less than the 9.8 pound CVA Paramount.

The stock isn’t adjustable like the original CVA Paramount stock (which is more akin to a stock for a target shooting rifle than a hunting rifle), but Paramount Pro models designed for use with a scope do have a raised cheek for proper alignment with an optic.

Next, the Paramount Pro was designed from the start with a threaded muzzle to accommodate a muzzle brake to reduce felt recoil. This has been a welcome feature for Paramount shooters and has been so well received that current production Paramount models also have a threaded muzzle.

With regards to ballistics and legality in certain states, the CVA Paramount Pro is available in .40 caliber, .45 caliber, and .50 caliber versions.

The .40 caliber version of the Paramount Pro fires the .40 caliber 225gr PowerBelt Extended Long Range (ELR) bullet, the .45 caliber version fires the same 285gr PowerBelt ELR as the regular Paramount, and the .50 caliber version fires a 330gr PowerBelt ELR.

Capable of firing up to a 150gr charge of Blackhorn 209, the .40 caliber Paramount Pro has the flattest trajectory of any mass produced muzzleloader available today.

Indeed, CVA advertises that maximum loads for the .40 caliber Paramount Pro are approaching .300 Win Mag trajectories inside 400 yards!

That is some incredible performance that surpasses the already impressive ballistics of the .45 caliber Paramount. This is because the .40 caliber has an even higher BC than the .45 caliber PowerBelt ELR and can be fired at a faster muzzle velocity.

For comparison, the .40 caliber ELR has a BC of .360 and the .45 caliber ELR has a BC of .333. A 150gr charge of Blackhorn 209 (by volume) will propel the .40 caliber ELR at 2,740fps and the .45 caliber ELR at 2,300fps.

This is incredible performance for a muzzleloader with both bullets, but especially so for the .40 caliber ELR and the Paramount Pro.

Unfortunately, some states require larger caliber muzzleloaders for certain types of hunting. At the same time, a few states also prohibit the use of telescopic sights during muzzleloader season.

In particular, Colorado is an especially popular state for muzzleloader hunters that has a .50 caliber minimum for elk hunting and also prohibits scopes during muzzleloader season.

Well, CVA designed versions of the Paramount Pro to address those issues as well.

The Pro version is available in .50 caliber (which is legal for hunting deer, pronghorn, bear, elk, and moose all over North America). While some models are drilled and tapped for a scope, the Paramount Pro is also available with the outstanding Williams Western Precision Sight Set, which is the best mass produced muzzleloader sight available these days.

In addition to all of that, the CVA Paramount Pro uses a fully adjustable Trigger Tech trigger. The trigger on the Paramount is very good, but it doesn’t get much better than a Trigger Tech trigger, which allows for rapid adjustments by ounce between 1.5 and 3.5 pounds.

The Paramount Pro also has a 26” Nitride treated Bergara barrel with a Flat Dark Earth CeraKote finish for corrosion resistance. The .40 caliber versions have a 1:20″ rifling twist while the .45 caliber and .50 caliber versions use a 1:22″ rifling twist rate.

Aside from those changes I just discussed, the CVA Paramount Pro still incorporates a lot of the same features and design principles as the original Paramount.

This includes a free floated barrel, the VariFlame ignition system, and the ability to use “super magnum” powder charges (though only 150gr instead of 160gr of Blackhorn 209 by volume with the original Paramount).

With all that in mind, the CVA Paramount Pro is certainly one of the best (if not the best) of the long range muzzleloaders currently available for hunters with a variety of needs and desires.

For instance, a hunter looking for the best long range muzzleloader for use in states like Colorado that require a .50 caliber muzzleloader for hunting certain animals and/or prohibit the use of a scope should buy a .50 caliber CVA Paramount Pro.

Likewise, a hunter that’s not restricted by a .45 or a .50 caliber minimum that wants the absolute best long range muzzleloader with the absolute flattest trajectory, then go with a .40 caliber CVA Paramount Pro.

Finally, the .45 caliber CVA Paramount Pro is a good choice for those who are required to use a .45 caliber muzzleloader at a minimum, but want a lighter and generally nicer muzzleloader than the original Paramount.

• Barrel Length: 26″
• Weight: 8.2lbs
• Sighting System: Williams Western Precision Sights, Accepts Remington 700 Pattern Scope Mount, or With Mounted Leupold/Vortex Scope
• Caliber: .40, .45, or .50 Caliber Magnum
• Ignition System: Vari-Flame Ignition

BUY A CVA PARAMOUNT PRO HERE

CVA Paramount HTR

Introduced in 2021, the CVA Paramount HTR is a new muzzleloader that’s the newest model of the Paramount and occupies something of a middle ground between the original Paramount and the Paramount Pro.

The most significant change with the Paramount HTR is that it’s equipped with a hunting (as opposed to a target) oriented adjustable stock with a Realtree Hillside camouflage pattern. It has the same 8.2 pound weight as the Paramount Pro, but that adjustable stock is a very nice feature.

Available in either .40 or .45 caliber, the Paramount HTR also uses a 26″ fluted and Nitride treated Bergara barrel that’s threaded for a muzzle brake and the same trigger as the original Paramount. It also uses the same .40 and .45 caliber PowerBelt ELR bullets as Paramount and Paramount Pro muzzleloaders of the same caliber.

Of course, it still has a trajectory approaching what can be obtained with many center-fire rifles, especially in .40 caliber.

Since it is the latest iteration of the Paramount series, the CVA Paramount HTR also has many of the same features as the other Paramount models like a free floated barrel, the VariFlame ignition system providing that more consistent large rifle primer ignition, the ability to use “super magnum” powder charges, and is threaded for a muzzle brake.

Not surprisingly, the CVA Paramount HTR is a little more expensive than the original CVA Paramount, but is less expensive than the CVA Paramount Pro.

This makes sense because it has a few advantages over the original Paramount, but lacks a few features of the Paramount Pro.

With all that said, the CVA Paramount HTR is another outstanding long range muzzleloader. The .40 caliber version in particular is another great choice for a hunter wanting a really flat trajectory, while the .45 caliber version is excellent for hunters who want a lighter muzzleloader than the original Paramount that doesn’t cost as much as the Paramount Pro.

• Barrel Length: 26″
• Weight: 8.2lbs
• Sighting System: Accepts Remington 700 Pattern Scope Mount or With Mounted Leupold/Vortex Scope
• Caliber: .40 or .45 Caliber Magnum
• Ignition System: Vari-Flame Ignition

BUY A CVA PARAMOUNT HTR HERE

The CVA Paramount long range muzzleloaders also made cut for my holiday gift recommendations. To see what other stuff is on the list, check out the following article:

101 Best Gifts For Hunters

While this post covers the right long range muzzleloaders, that’s only a single part of the equation when hunting with a muzzleloader. For more detailed information on choosing the right primer, propellant, bullets, sights, and scopes, check out these other articles:

15 Of The Best Muzzleloader Primers For Igniting Your Powder

Blackhorn 209 vs 777 vs Goex Black Powder: Which One Should You Use In Your Muzzleloader?

These Are The Best Brands Of Black Powder and Black Powder Substitutes You Should Be Using In Your Muzzleloader

13 Of The Best Muzzleloader Bullets For Hunters

Best Muzzleloaders For Hunters In 2024

9 Best Muzzleloader Scopes For Hunters

These Are The Best 9 Best Muzzleloader Sights For Hunters

5 Best Traditional Muzzleloaders For Hunters

Essential Muzzleloader Supplies Every Hunter Needs

How To Hunt With A Muzzleloader

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In the animal kingdom, there are many creatures with impressive characteristics, but few can match the mighty bite force of a hippopotamus. With an astonishing capability of exerting around 1,800 psi (pounds per square inch) of force, the bite of a hippo is nothing short of extraordinary. Surprisingly, hippos surpass the likes of lions, tigers, and bears in terms of bite strength, and their jaws possess the ability to open at an astonishing 150 degrees with a mouth width ranging from 4 to 5 feet. As fearsome herbivores, hippos rely on their powerful bite not only for crushing and chewing tough vegetation but also as a formidable defense mechanism against potential predators like crocodiles, lions, and even humans. In fact, these powerful creatures are responsible for the tragic death of approximately 500 individuals every year, making them one of the most dangerous animals in Africa.

An Overview of Hippos’ Bite Force

Hippos, known for their massive size and intimidating presence, possess one of the most powerful bites in the animal kingdom. With a jaw strength capable of producing around 1,800 psi (pounds per square inch) of force, their bite can be quite formidable. This bite force surpasses that of even apex predators such as lions, tigers, and bears, cementing the fact that hippos are not to be underestimated.

Hippos’ Bite Force in the Animal Kingdom

Amongst the diverse range of animals in the animal kingdom, hippos stand out with their incredible bite force. The sheer power of their jaws allows them to exert immense pressure, making their bite force one of the highest recorded. This extraordinary ability showcases the strength and adaptability of these remarkable creatures.

Comparison to Other Animals

When comparing the bite force of hippos to other animals, it becomes evident just how formidable they truly are. While predators like lions, tigers, and bears are known for their strength, the bite force of a hippo surpasses even these mighty creatures. It is a testament to the immense power that resides within the jaws of a hippo.

Ability to Kill a Crocodile

Despite the formidable nature of crocodiles, hippos possess the strength and ability to defy the odds and overpower these reptilian predators. There have been recorded instances of hippos successfully killing crocodiles, showcasing their dominance in the animal kingdom. The combination of their powerful bite force and their natural defensive instincts enable them to prevail in these encounters.

The Anatomy of a Hippo’s Mouth

Understanding the anatomy of a hippo’s mouth provides valuable insights into the mechanisms behind their exceptional bite force.

Size of Their Mouths

One of the defining features of a hippo’s mouth is its size. With the ability to open their jaws up to 150 degrees, hippos possess large mouths that are designed to accommodate their substantial teeth and aid in their feeding habits. This generous mouth size contributes to their ability to generate such astonishing bite force.

Jaw Flexibility

A hippo’s jaw boasts impressive flexibility, allowing for a wide range of movement. This flexibility is essential in capturing and gripping food, as well as defending against potential threats. With a combination of strength and flexibility, hippos can maneuver their jaws with precision and force, maximizing the effectiveness of their bite.

Width of Their Jaws

In addition to their considerable size, a hippo’s jaws also possess significant width. Their mouths range from 4 to 5 feet wide, providing ample space for their teeth and facilitating the crushing and chewing of their food. The breadth of their jaws contributes to their ability to generate substantial bite force and aids in their overall feeding process.

Defense Mechanism Against Predators

Hippos’ powerful bite force serves as a formidable defense mechanism against potential predators, enabling them to protect themselves and their young.

Using Their Powerful Bite Force Against Predators

When confronted with threats such as crocodiles, lions, or humans, hippos utilize their powerful bite force as a primary line of defense. With the ability to inflict significant damage with a single bite, hippos can deter predators and potential attackers. The sheer force behind their jaws serves as a warning to those who dare approach.

Potential Threats Faced by Hippos

While hippos are known for their strength, they are not without vulnerabilities. In the face of predators, they must remain vigilant and cautious. The primary threats encountered by hippos include crocodiles, prides of lions, and even humans, who may encroach upon their territory or pose a danger to their calves.

How Their Bite Force Aids in Defense

The formidable bite force possessed by hippos plays a critical role in their defensive strategies. With a bite that can cause severe injury or even death, hippos can effectively deter predators. By utilizing their strong jaws, they can inflict significant damage upon attackers, giving them an advantage in confrontations. Their bite force allows them to establish dominance and protect their territories and young.

Hippos’ Diet and Their Bite Force

While hippos’ bite force is often associated with their defensive capabilities, it also plays a crucial role in their herbivorous diet.

Herbivorous Nature of Hippos

Contrary to their imposing stature and powerful jaws, hippos are herbivores. They primarily feed on grass and vegetation, spending several hours each day grazing and consuming large quantities of plant matter. Despite their voracious appetites, their diet consists entirely of plant-based material.

Specifics of Their Diet

The immense size and strength of a hippo’s jaws aid in their ability to crush and chew their food effectively. With their incisor and canine teeth adapted for grasping and tearing grasses, hippos rely on their molars and premolars, situated towards the back of their mouths, to grind and crush the fibrous vegetation. Their powerful bite force assists in breaking down the tough plant matter into more manageable pieces.

Role of Powerful Jaws and Teeth in Crushing and Chewing Food

Hippos’ strong jaws and teeth are essential tools in their dietary process. The crushing force generated by their bite allows them to break down the tough plant material, aiding in digestion. Additionally, their large teeth and wide jaws provide the necessary leverage to not only grip vegetation but also effectively chew and grind it down to a more easily digestible form.

Testing Female Hippos’ Bite Force

Due to the inherent risks associated with testing male hippos, researchers have focused on measuring the bite force of female hippos instead.

Implications of Testing Female Hippos

Testing the bite force of female hippos provides valuable insights into the capabilities of these creatures without posing unnecessary risks to the researchers involved. By focusing on female hippos, the data obtained can still provide a comprehensive understanding of their bite force and contribute to the overall knowledge surrounding these impressive animals.

Reasons for Not Testing Male Hippos

Male hippos, known for their territorial nature and aggressive behavior, represent a significant threat when it comes to conducting bite force tests. Their unpredictable nature and potentially volatile responses make it unsafe to engage in such measurements. As a result, researchers opt to study female hippos instead, ensuring their safety while gathering valuable information.

Procedure and Results of Bite Force Testing on Females

To measure the bite force of female hippos, researchers employ various methods. By equipping a specialized device with pressure sensors, they can capture the force exerted during a bite. By carefully provoking a bite response from a cooperative female hippo, researchers can obtain accurate and reliable data regarding their bite force. Such measurements contribute to our understanding of hippos’ capabilities and behaviors.

Hippos: One of Africa’s Most Dangerous Animals

While hippos may be perceived by some as lovable creatures, they are, in fact, one of Africa’s most dangerous animals, responsible for a significant number of fatalities each year.

Annual Death Toll Caused by Hippos

Hippos are responsible for approximately 500 deaths annually, making them one of the most dangerous animals in Africa. Their imposing size, territorial nature, and aggressive behavior contribute to these fatalities. It is essential to exercise caution and respect their space when encountering these animals in their natural habitats.

Comparison to Other Dangerous Animals in Africa

When comparing the danger posed by hippos to other notorious African animals, such as lions, elephants, or crocodiles, it becomes evident that hippos rank high on the list. Their confrontational nature and incredible strength make them a formidable force, and encounters can quickly escalate if precautions are not taken.

Factors Contributing to Hippos’ Dangerous Nature

Various factors contribute to the dangerous nature of hippos. Their territorial behavior, especially when defending their young, can lead to aggressive encounters. Additionally, their powerful bite force, which can cause severe injury or even death, further enhances their dangerous reputation. Understanding these factors is crucial in promoting coexistence and ensuring the safety of both humans and hippos.

Hippos’ Bite Force in the Animal Kingdom

To understand the significance of hippos’ bite force, it is important to delve deeper into its measurements and comparisons to other animals.

Overview of Hippos’ Powerful Bite Force

Hippos’ bite force is measured in pounds per square inch (psi) and typically registers at around 1,800 psi. This measurement places hippos amongst the upper echelons of the animal kingdom in terms of bite force capability. Their jaw strength and the pressure they can exert showcase the remarkable power packed within their formidable bodies.

Measurement in Pounds Per Square Inch (psi)

The bite force of a hippo is measured in pounds per square inch, which indicates the amount of force exerted over a given area. With hippos demonstrating bite forces of approximately 1,800 psi, it is clear that their bite is a remarkable force to be reckoned with.

Impressive Strength Compared to Other Animals

When comparing hippos’ bite force to other animals renowned for their strength, such as lions, tigers, and bears, hippos emerge as the clear victors. Their surpassing bite force showcases the immense power they possess and establishes them as one of nature’s true heavyweights.

Comparing Hippos’ Bite Force to Other Animals

To further appreciate the astonishing bite force of hippos, it is worthwhile to compare them to other formidable predators.

Hippos vs. Lions

While lions are often lauded as the kings of the animal kingdom, their bite force falls short in comparison to that of hippos. A lion’s bite force typically ranges from 600 to 700 psi, making them significantly less powerful in this regard. In a direct confrontation, a hippo’s bite force would undoubtedly give it the upper hand.

Hippos vs. Tigers

Tigers, renowned for their prowess as apex predators, possess a bite force that is greater than that of lions but still inferior to that of hippos. A tiger’s bite force ranges from 1,050 to 1,200 psi, making it formidable in its own right, but unable to match the jaw strength of a hippo.

Hippos vs. Bears

Bears, known for their strength and size, possess a bite force that rivals that of lions but still falls short of a hippo’s bite force. With a bite force ranging from 700 to 1,200 psi, bears are formidable predators, but they are outmatched by the sheer power generated by hippos when it comes to biting.

Hippos’ Bite: Capable of Killing a Crocodile

One of the most astonishing demonstrations of hippos’ bite force is their ability to kill crocodiles, despite the reptiles being known for their powerful jaws.

Unique Ability to Overpower Crocodiles

Crocodiles, being formidable predators themselves, are not easily overtaken. However, hippos possess the strength and bite force required to successfully overpower and kill crocodiles in certain circumstances. This ability showcases the exceptional power and force generated by a hippo’s jaws.

Evidence of Hippos Killing Crocodiles

Various instances have been documented showcasing hippos successfully killing crocodiles. While this might seem surprising given the reputations of both species as fierce predators, it highlights the superior bite force of hippos and their capacity to dominate encounters with crocodiles.

Factors Enabling Hippos to Prevail in These Encounters

Several factors contribute to hippos’ ability to prevail in encounters with crocodiles. Their massive size, combined with their powerful bite force, gives them a significant advantage. Additionally, the territorial nature of hippos when defending their territories, particularly against crocodiles, further solidifies their dominance in these interactions. Ultimately, it is the combination of strength, force, and strategy that allows hippos to overcome crocodiles, solidifying their position as apex predators.

The Physical Features of a Hippo’s Mouth

Exploring the physical features of a hippo’s mouth provides a deeper understanding of its capabilities and adaptations.

Size and Dimensions of a Hippo’s Mouth

A hippo’s mouth is a marvel of nature, characterized by its substantial size and dimensions. With jaws that can open up to 150 degrees, hippos possess mouths capable of accommodating their powerful teeth and aiding in their feeding habits. The vast expanse of their mouths is a crucial factor in generating the remarkable bite force for which they are known.

Range of Jaw Movement

In addition to their size, hippos’ jaws boast a remarkable range of movement. This flexibility allows for effective capturing and gripping of food, as well as facilitating defensive actions. The extensive range of jaw movement contributes to the overall functionality of a hippo’s mouth, enhancing their capabilities in various aspects of their lives.

Mouth Structure and Adaptations

A hippo’s mouth is specifically adapted to its herbivorous diet and its overall lifestyle. From the positioning and shape of their teeth to the structure of their jawbones and muscles, every aspect of their oral anatomy is optimized for crushing and chewing vegetation. These adaptations ensure their mouth’s effectiveness in both defensive situations and feeding processes, further emphasizing the significance of a hippo’s bite force.

In conclusion, hippos possess an impressive bite force that exceeds that of many other animals in the animal kingdom. Their powerful jaws, large mouths, and immense bite force make them formidable predators and a force to be reckoned with. Whether defending themselves against predators or exhibiting their dominance among rivals, hippos showcase unparalleled strength and adaptability. With their powerful bite force, hippos can hold their own against other apex predators, overpower crocodiles, and establish their dominance in their natural habitat. Understanding the anatomy, diet, and defensive capabilities of these incredible beings sheds light on their significance and the inherent dangers associated with their presence.

Do you know what terrifies me more than any other violent encounter?

A knife fight.

I heard someone once say the loser of a knife fight leaves in a hearse, and the winner goes in an ambulance.

It seems, in general, a knife fight is over before it ever starts.

It’s a terrifying proposition to find yourself in any violent situation. But, as Americans, we carry firearms to bridge the gap and protect ourselves against violent attacks.

However, sometimes we can’t have a gun…or a gun might not be the best choice…or maybe the attack happened so fast you can’t access your firearm.

That is where a knife comes into play.

Is it likely you’ll ever use your knife in a self-defense situation?

No, not very likely.

It’s also not statistically likely you’ll use your firearm or tourniquet.

But that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t be prepared to defend yourself with anything on hand.

With that in mind, I’ve gathered some of the best self-defense knives on the market priced under $300.

Why Under $300

For many, a knife that costs $50 is too much. For most, anything over $300 seems crazy.

However, in the knife world, knife guys and gals pay way more than that for some knives.

In truth, the world of knives is massive.

Knives from companies like Microtech can go for as much as $1,000. So, $300 seems a bit more friendly.

This list compiles blades from $20 to $200, ensuring there’s something for just about everyone’s price range.

What to Consider

Before throwing down money on a knife, there are a few things to consider.

Access

How is the knife carried, and how fast can you access it?

Accessing the blade should be rapid and easy to do without much difficulty.

Drawing the knife and getting it into action should be second nature and without complication.

Deployment

Fixed blade knives do not have deployment issues, but folding knives and automatic knives need blades that easily deploy with a single hand. Ambidexterity is a bonus as well.

Concealability

How easily does the knife conceal in regular clothing?

It’s tough to carry a Ka-Bar with a t-shirt to cover it.

A normal person’s defensive blade will need to be concealed. Sadly, that eliminates bowie knives but still opens up some decent fixed blade options.

Get Training!

Like a firearm, you should get some serious training for defensive knives.

Companies like Shiv Works and Active Response Training will get you the skills you need to employ a knife in a defensive situation.

Best Self Defense Knives Under $300

1. Emerson Mini CQC 15

Emerson rose to prominence by making knives for special operations troops.

Ernest Emerson’s small shop became the favorite knifemaker for the Navy SEALs, and word about his fine knives quickly spread.

I carried an Emerson CQC 7 for years as a Marine and became a huge fan of these knives.

While the CQC 7 is great, the Mini CQC 15 is better.

The Mini CQC 15 is a combination of the CQC 7 and Commander models.

It mixes the penetration capability of the CQC 7’s tanto tip with the deep and slash-friendly belly of the Commander.

It allows the user to slash and stab with equal effectiveness.

Emerson knives also sport the wave feature that allows you to open the blade as you draw it from your pocket.

It takes a little practice, but once you’ve mastered it, the Emerson jumps into action.

Your hand won’t slip off the roughly textured G-10 panels.

In fact, if you have a tight grip on the knife and something yanks it from you, some skin is coming with it.

It’s rough but provides a good grip, even when wearing gloves.

As a bonus, it’s also a great knife for EDC tasks and tough enough for camping and general outdoors use.

As far as folding fighting knives go, the Mini CQC 15 is quite versatile.

2. Ka-Bar TDI Investigator

Ka-Bar’s Master series takes numerous knife users’ expertise and boils it into a few purpose-built designs.

Tactical Defense Institute owner and lead instructor John Brenner designed the TDI to be the ultimate police self-defense knife — with firearm retention being the knife’s primary goal.

John’s 33-year police career drove the design, and the end result was a simple but very effective fighting knife.

The Investigator is the compact model and makes concealed carry easier.

As a civilian concealed carrier, I like simplicity, and the TDI makes things very simple.

The somewhat curve to the handle provides you a simplistic design.

Slashing and stabbing with the Investigator is easy as well.

In a hand-to-hand fight, fancy techniques are unlikely. But, if you can punch, you can use the TDI Investigator.

The short blade is unlikely to reach vital organs in the torso, but the sight of your own blood and a large gaping wound would likely deter further violence.

If an attacker gets in knife range, I’d prefer to attack, take the fight out of them, and then beat feet.

Something simple like the Investigator allows that.

As a fixed blade, deployment isn’t an issue, and the sheath allows for a multitude of carry options.

3. Cold Steel Hide Out

Neck knives are all the rage for those looking to carry a fixed blade in the most convenient way possible.

Hide Out turns out to be a rather appropriate name for this neck knife.

Cold Steel designed the Hide Out to be a deep conceal fixed blade dagger design with a 3-inch blade but weighing a mere 1.9-ounces.

A dagger design allows you to stick and stab easily and slash when necessary.

The tip is painfully sharp and will dig in without remorse when told to.

Fixed blades don’t break, or at least they don’t break as often as folding or automatic knives.

Our edge provides a slight belly for slashing, but this is more of a poker than a slasher: more Freddy and less Jason.

A weatherproof material called Kray-Ex adorns the handle and provides a rubberized-like grip with an aggressive texture.

Kray-Ex ensures the knife stays in your hand and provides some degree of comfort as well.

The sheath is polymer and complete with many lashing points to make a necklace or to attach the knife nearly anywhere.

You might say that guy is a little small to be a dagger.

Well, right now, he’s Luke, and you’re a jailed Princess Leia. So, you take what you can get.

It’s small but easy to use and carry.

It’s also relatively affordable and very well made.

4. Hogue OTF

Switchblades are clearly as dangerous as machine guns; at least the regulations regarding them would make it seem so.

Sadly, lots of state laws prohibit the sale and carry of automatic knives. So, before you run out and buy one, it’s worth investigating your local laws.

In short, research before you buy!

If you can carry an automatic knife, then the Hogue OTF might be the one for you.

OTF knives tend to be pricey.

John Wick’s Microtech costs more than a Glock on average.

The Hogue OTF comes in at less than $250. It’s not a budget blade that will fall apart after a few uses, either.

I’ve used mine for years now and carry it all the time.

As an OTF blade, the Hogue deploys with the press of a button, so one-handed deployment is quite simple.

Hearing that schwick as blade deploys is oh so satisfying.

The blade is a clip point with a might swedge for easy cutting and stabbing. It uses a premium grade 154 CM steel that is incredibly tough and quite durable for defensive tasks.

A big grip fills your hand for an effective hammer grip.

Getting slashy and stabbing with the Hogue OTF proves simple, and it will double as a very effective EDC blade.

One-handed deployment will never be easier than with an automatic knife.

Give one a spin, and it’s tough to go back to a standard folder.

But again, local laws supersede the love of a cool tool. Always research your local laws before buying an auto.

5. Toor Knives Jank Shank

Shank is absolutely the best term to describe the Jank Shank.

Look at the simplicity of the little knife and tell me it doesn’t look like a refined prison shank.

The Jank Shank is a simple, lightweight, and ultra-thin fixed blade knife.

Toor Knives is a small company doing big things, and the Jank Shank is a small thing that does big things.

This minimalist design is made for shiving, slashing, and shankin’ with a needle-like blade.

It’s made from CPM 35 VN, a tough tool steel, falling in the premium category of knife blades.

The 3-inch blade is nothing to fuss at and will penetrate deep enough to change someone’s mind when it comes to attacking you.

While it lacks a belly, it will still slice when needed. Ultimately, it’s all about jabs with the Jank Shank.

The Jank Shank has a rear pinky hole to increase retention and make drawing from the sheath easy.

Toor Knives has a multitude of sheath and carry options.

So, you can go traditional IWB, horizontal, or whatever else you need to conceal your shank.

6. Ka-Bar LDK

Another Ka-Bar in the TDI family in the LDK. Kind of. The LDK was designed by a friend of the website, Greg Ellifritz.

LDK stands for Last Ditch Knife, and this fella is teeny tiny.

It’s small enough to work as a neck knife, be laced into a boot, or even stash in a wallet.

Truly, it qualifies as a last-ditch weapon, offering you minimal blade.

That said, the blade is designed to replicate the design of a scalpel. So, even though it’s small, it’s quite effective at cutting flesh.

Like the TDI-style knives, it works well as a punch dagger and is superbly simple to use.

When held, it allows you to add an additional sting to every punch.

At super close quarters, the little blade will open a bad guy up with rapid slashes and punches.

It’s small but mighty and insanely easy to carry and conceal. It can be carried in nearly any style of dress.

It’s friendly to cargo pants and sundresses.

There is no reason ever to be unarmed when something like the LDK exists.

Plus, it’s super cheap and affordable. At less than $20, it’s the cheapest knife on this list by a large margin.

Sometimes simple and small is enough.

Have you tried the Ka-Bar LDK? If so, rate it below!

7. Benchmade SOCP

Finally, we reach the SOCP.

The SOCP is a compact and ultra-thin dagger that was initially designed for military use.

This knife is far from traditional but is inherently modern and easy to use.

While it’s rather long, it is thin, and the included sheath makes it easy to conceal and carry.

The ring at the end of the handle ensures a sure draw and excellent retention.

Users are inclined to use an ice pick grip that allows downward stabs and slashes.

The idea behind the SOCP is simple.

When someone gets on top of you and starts grappling and fighting with you, the SOCP allows you to slash and stab, creating distance between you and the bad guy.

Let the SOCP take the steam out of a violent attacker and retreat.

With how thin the knife is, you can draw your firearm and engage without ditching the knife — very Solid Snake in its design.

The SOCP blade is rather long and will provide some serious sting to the bad guy when needed.

Admittedly it’s not a very good utility knife for EDC purposes.

It’s a bit much to open a piece of mail or to cut through some cardboard.

For creating distance and escaping a threat, though, it’s perfect. Plus, as a fixed blade, there are no deployment worries.

Benchmade also makes a training blade for safe practice. A knife is like a gun, and training is required to be proficient with it.

Conclusion

While the prospect of using a knife defensively is terrifying, it’s still wise to consider a knife as a viable weapon. Not as an alternative to a firearm, but to compliment it, or as a force multiplier in a gun-free zone.

We’ll say it one last time: before you run off half-cocked and buy an automatic knife or a dagger, research your local laws.

If you think gun laws are confusing, wait until you read about knife laws. In some states, it’s easier to carry a gun than specific types of knives.

Do your due diligence, folks.

Agree with my picks? Have your own? Let us know below! Ready for more knife recommendations? We have the 10 Best Tactical Knives and the 4 Best Survival Knives ready for you to read.

The markings on the reticle inside a rifle scope tell you many things. The first (and most important) is they show you where you’re aiming. Some scopes, however, have reticles that are set to do much more than that. These scopes have angular units of measure marked on the reticle that track how much a rifle’s point of impact needs to move relative to the point of aim of the scope to properly zero it. Besides helping shooters set a proper zero, understanding these angular units of measurement and their relationship to both target distances and bullet trajectories is crucial for getting the most performance from scoped rifles as they help remove the guesswork from all ballistic adjustments. The two most common types of reticles used in these types of scopes are Minutes of Angle (MOA) or Milliradians, or MRAD. Let’s take at the differences between MOA vs MRAD, and why you would want one over the other.

Circles, Subtensions And Angular Units of Measurement

Angular units of measure come from trigonometry, the branch of mathematics concerning triangles and circles. The circumference of a circle is wholly or partially measured either with degrees or radians. All of us know that a circle has 360 degrees. However, each degree can break down in smaller sub-units called minutes and seconds. A degree has 60 minutes or 3600 seconds, which is where we get Minute of Angle One from, or MOA. A full circle can also be measured as 2π radians (6,283 milliradians). Like degrees, radians also break down into fractions, and for marksmanship, shooters use milliradians (1/1000th of a radian), or MRAD.

Minutes and mils work well for shooting because they allow shooters to determine the size of targets, the distances to targets, and the trajectories of bullets by using trigonometric principles and proportions. Angular subtension is the concept that ties everything together, and they work equally well with MOA vs MRAD. This concept refers to the physical amount of space covered by an angle at a certain distance. These spaces remain in proportion regardless of distance. Thinking of subtensions as circular areas (or targets) makes it easier to understand. For example, at 100 yards, a target measuring 1 MOA will correspond to an area the size of a 1-inch circle. At 200 yards, a 1 MOA target would cover a 2-inch area. At a distance of 500 yards, a 1 MOA target will cover a 5-inch circle, at 1000 yards it will cover a 10-inch area, and so on.

One Inch At 100 Yards Vs One Meter at One Kilometer

In the United States, minutes of arc have traditionally been the more popular and traditional angular units of measure due to the simple fact that at the distance of 100 yards, 1 MOA happens to subtend precisely at 1.047 inches. For practicality’s sake, this is rounded off to 1 inch. Since degrees, minutes or seconds themselves do not mix directly with yards or inches, this is more of a lucky happenstance that has been clearly advantageous to American marksmen for a long time. MOA-based optics are generally available with adjustments in ½, ¼, or ⅛-inch increments depending on their intended use. Most MOA scopes for precision shooting typically have ¼-minute adjustments. At 100 yards, every four clicks will move the reticle one inch in the desired direction. Minutes are so embedded into American shooting culture to the extent that the accuracy potential of both rifles and cartridges is also expressed in these units. For example, a ½-MOA rifle means that the rifle can print ½-inch groups at 100 yards or 5-inch groups at 1000 yards.

At 100 meters, 1 mil subtends to 10 centimeters, so at 1000 meters (or one kilometer), 1 mil will subtend to 1 meter. The majority of MRAD based optics are conveniently set up to adjust at 1/10th increments of a mil. As a result, 1/10thof a mil subtends to 1 centimeter at 100 meters, and 10 centimeters at 1 kilometer. For reference, one mil is equivalent to 3.6 inches at 100 yards. Because milliradians work so well with the metric system, they are the go-to angular unit around the world. The use of Imperial measurements (inches and yards) compared to metric units is one of the biggest differences with MOA vs MRAD reticles, but there are others.

Comparing MOA vs MRAD

Neither MOA or mils are necessarily better than each other. They are solely two units that measure the same thing, namely a sliver of the total circumference of a circle. However, there are practical considerations to why a shooter may select a riflescope with an MOA vs an MRAD reticle. For shooters who are comfortable with inches and yards or who make shots at predictable, known distances, MOA based riflescopes can suit them just fine. Adding to that, most rifle ranges in the United States are marked in yards, which makes using these scopes very convenient. Other shooters choose MOA optics compared to MRAD-based optics, because ¼- or ⅛-minute click optics provide a finer level of precision and adjustment since they require more clicks to move the reticle the same distance: four or eight clicks to move one inch at one hundred yards as opposed to only three clicks for an MRAD optic.

On the other hand, at longer distances, many shooters prefer shooting with MRAD optic because a dependence on overly-fine units becomes impractical. According to Michael Branson, Director of Optics for JSD Supply, having to dial a turret with more clicks means that the likelihood of error increases and can also add extra wear and tear on the mechanical components of a rifle scope. Branson also mentioned that because MRAD optics work off of base-10 numbers and have “coarser” adjustments, they are more practical for longer distance shooting. Lastly, Branson added that the base-10 aspect makes MRAD optics more beginner friendly to new shooters looking to try long distance marksmanship.

The Takeaway

MOA-based optics have served American shooters for a long time and will continue to do so into the future. The fact that minutes of arc integrate so seamlessly with inches and yards is not taken for granted as our American rifle culture was built on this system. Specialized precision and rifle match shooters will continue to take advantage of the higher amount of adjustability these optics afford them.

However, MRAD-based rifle scopes have reached a golden age. Long distance shooters chose these optics due to their usefulness in that role, as milliradians are easier to divide or multiply by 10, they are easier to range targets with a reticle and the common measurement standard makes it simpler for all shooters around the world to communicate with this metric friendly system. Also of note is that virtually all spotting scopes with ranging reticles are marked in mils so spotters calling out numbers in mils to shooters using MRAD-based optics would also have an easier time.

Combine this with the widespread by the US military, the plethora of ballistics apps, programs and information now available to shooters that read in MRAD and the surge in popularity of distance, with the fact that gunmakers are selling all manner of hyper accurate, course-ready rifles out of the box for precision shooters and long-range hunters, and the time to take full advantage of milliradian-based sighting systems has never been better.

It’s been almost two years since Forrest Fenn’s riddle was solved, and the $2 million worth of treasure he’d buried was found. Until recently, the only thing we knew about its location was that it was in Wyoming. Until now.

A recent article on Outside Online has revealed that the treasure was buried in ‘an iconic American landmark’ in Yellowstone National Park. Park Rangers are aware of the exact location but want to keep it a secret. They’re concerned that should the exact location be revealed, it would become swamped by tourists, damaging the fragile landscape. However, an ongoing lawsuit against Fenn (who passed away in September 2020) may result in that location being revealed.

Author Forrest Fenn confirmed in a blog post in July 2020 that his chest filled with $2 million worth of treasure was found in Wyoming.

Many of the searchers for my treasure had solves that seemed to neatly fit the clues in my poem. Then when the finder found and retrieved the treasure, other searchers wondered how close they had been to the right spot. Because I promised the finder I would not reveal who found it or where, I have remained mostly silent.

However, the finder understands how important some closure is for many searchers, so today he agreed that we should reveal that the treasure was found in Wyoming. Until he found the treasure, the treasure had not moved in the 10 years since I left it there on the ground, and walked away.

Perhaps today’s announcement will bring some closure to those whose solves were in New Mexico, Colorado, or Montana.

To all of those who did not find the treasure, we hope that you got some enjoyment from the chase. f

For a decade, the $2-million treasure chest sat undiscovered in the Rocky Mountains, with the only man who knew where it was leaving clues to its whereabouts, promising whoever found it could keep it. At least four died in its pursuit, and many sacrificed jobs and their livelihoods. Finally, some lucky sleuth found it. But that didn’t stop the disbelievers.

As is the case with many mysteries, there were plenty of people calling it a hoax, claiming conspiracy theories and disbelieving it even existed. But Forrest Fenn, the man behind the quest, put those theories to rest by releasing pictures of the discovered treasure.

The 89-year-old art and antiquities collector posted three pictures of the treasure on dalneitzel.com, a fan blog dedicated to the treasure hunt. While some remained skeptical, most of the comments on the site congratulated the finder and thanked Fenn for the experience.

It all started when art dealer and former air force pilot, Forrest Fenn, revealed in his self-published 2010 novel, “The Thrill of the Chase”, that he had buried a lockbox full of about 2 million dollars worth of gold, gems, and artifacts. The clues to the treasure’s whereabouts were hidden in a 24 verse poem that is included in the memoir. Many people have quit their jobs and spent their life savings in the quest to find the buried treasure.

THE TREASURE HAS BEEN FOUND

It was under a canopy of stars in the lush, forested vegetation of the Rocky Mountains, and had not moved from the spot where I hid it more than 10 years ago. I do not know the person who found it, but the poem in my book led him to the precise spot.

I congratulate the thousands of people who participated in the search and hope they will continue to be drawn by the promise of other discoveries.

So the search is over. Look for more information and photos in the coming days.

– Forrest Fenn, June 6th 2020

Mr. Fenn stated that the Treasure was located in the 1,000-mile stretch of the Rocky Mountains from New Mexico to the Canadian border and at least 5,000 feet above sea level, in an area that an 80-year-old would not have trouble accessing. Fenn estimates that over 100,000 people have attempted the search for his treasure and originally said that he hoped the hunt would push more people outside to enjoy the wilderness. Asked how he felt now that the treasure has been found, Fenn said: “I don’t know, I feel halfway kind of glad, halfway kind of sad because the chase is over.”

• Related: Police Warn of ‘Deadly Pursuit’ as 2 Have Died in 2 Years Searching for Buried Treasure in Rocky Mountains

Within days of the treasure being found, three separate lawsuits were filed by people claiming they solved the puzzle first, with one lady claiming that the man who got to it first “stole her solve”.

• Related: Man Who Found Forrest Fenn’s Treasure May Have to Fight For it as 3 Others Claim They Solved Puzzle First

In March 2020, two Coloradan snowmobilers were searching for Forrest Fenn’s elusive treasure when they became stranded, and one died in a Utah park. In June 2017, New Mexico authorities found the body of Paris Wallace, a Colorado Pastor who had joined the hunt. A year before Randy Bilyeu disappeared while searching for the treasure, his remains were found in the Rio Grande seven months later.

Sandhill crane hunting is more popular than ever, with hunters drawn to the challenge and reward of “The Rib Eye of the Sky.” In North America, there are six subspecies of sandhill cranes. Three are non-migratory, staying in one area year-round. The other three are migratory and travel from Northern Canada to Mexico. Seventeen U.S. states are sandhill crane hunting states. Still, federal regulations set the stage for anyone who wants to pursue them. There are some requirements and a critical program with which to register. After that, it’s up to you to decide where you want to go hunting.

Federal Laws for Sandhill Crane Hunting

Sandhill crane hunting is subject to most federal waterfowl regulations. These rules include using shotguns to take with a maximum capacity of three shells and only using a nontoxic shot. The federal government also prohibits using live decoys, hunting from vehicles, or using bait to draw in sandhill cranes.

All sandhill crane hunters must register in the Harvest Information Program (HIP) for migratory game birds. You can do this through the state’s wildlife department you plan to hunt in. Although it is a federal program, some states require you to register with them.

Suppose you have been duck or goose hunting before. In that case, you know about the Federal Migratory Bird Hunting and Conservation Stamp, commonly referred to as the Federal Duck Stamp. Some state regulations do not require the Duck Stamp for sandhill cranes.

In contrast, others explicitly say it is necessary. Defer to the state wildlife department you plan to hunt in to make sure. Now that the countrywide rules have been made clear, it’s time to list the states that allow sandhill crane hunting within their borders.

Alabama

If you’re looking for sandhill cranes in Alabama, you better go north into the Tennessee River Valley or the Weiss Reservoir on the Coosa River. Alabama offers sandhill crane hunting for Alabama residents in the northern part of the state through an annual draw. The season bag limit is three.

Licenses Required:

• Alabama hunting license
• Annual State Duck Stamp or Lifetime Duck Stamp
• Alabama Sandhill Crane permit
• Sandhill Crane Identification certification

Alaska

Most sandhill cranes in Alaska migrate through the Copper River Delta or the Tanana Valley near Delta Junction-Georgia Lake. As many as 50,000 cranes fly through this Alaskan funnel daily, many from Siberia. Sandhill cranes are subject to fall/winter hunting season dates based on the specific Alaskan Unit you are hunting in. All units have a daily bag limit of two.

Licenses Required:

• Alaskan hunting license

Arizona

Sandhill cranes go way back in Arizonan history. People still find ancient petroglyphs of these birds etched into stones along the Gila River. Arizona offers sandhill crane hunting in select areas through an annual draw. The Grand Canyon State issued a total of 580 tags for the 2021-22 season, with a season bag limit of three.

Licenses Required:

• Arizona Migratory Bird Stamp
• Arizona Sandhill Crane permit

Colorado

Colorado offers an open sandhill crane hunting season. Sandhills are the only species of crane found in the Rocky Mountain State. Before the first hunting trip of the season, hunters must call 1-877-COLOHIP or register at ColoHIP.com and obtain permit numbers. All areas east of the Continental Divide except North Park and the San Luis Valley are available for sandhill crane hunting from Oct. 1 – Nov. 27, 2022, with a daily bag limit of three.

Licenses Required:

• Colorado Small Game license
• Colorado Sandhill Crane permit

Idaho

Idaho’s vast plains and valleys are a significant stop along the sandhill crane migratory route. The state holds sandhill crane hunting seasons in the eastern part through an annual draw. In 2021, the state of Idaho issued 610 sandhill crane tags with seasons running throughout September. The daily and season limit is two cranes.

Licenses Required:

• Idaho hunting license
• Idaho Sandhill Crane tag

Kansas

Sandhill crane hunting is available in the central and western Kansas zones during the fall and winter months. The daily bag limit for sandhill cranes in Kansas is three. The Kansas crane hunting season dates have the same start and duration from year to year.

The Western Zone Season begins on the third Saturday in October and continues for 58 days, including the opening day. The Central Zone Season will commence on the Wednesday after the first Saturday in November and shall continue for 58 days, including the opening day.

Licenses Required:

• Kansas Sandhill Crane permit

Kentucky

There is an annual draw for Kentucky sandhill crane permits, with applications opening and closing in September. The season runs through December and January with a daily bag limit of two.

Licenses Required:

• Kentucky hunting license
• Kentucky Sandhill Crane permit

Minnesota

Sandhill cranes used to thrive in the Great Lakes region until humans settled down there. There are two separate populations in Minnesota today. Minnesota offers an open sandhill crane hunting season in the northwest portion of the state. The sandhill crane season runs from Sept. 18 – Oct. 24, with a daily bag limit of two.

Licenses Required:

• Minnesota small game license
• Minnesota Sandhill Crane permit

Montana

Montana has sandhill crane hunting in select areas through permits issued in an annual draw. The Montana season runs from Sept. 1 – Oct. 30, with a bag limit of either one or two depending on the specific area the permit is issued for.

Licenses Required:

• MT Migratory License
• Conservation License
• Base Hunting License

New Mexico

New Mexico offers Free Regular Season Eastern Sandhill Crane permits and a Draw-Season Sandhill Crane permit. In 2021, New Mexico issued 540 Draw-Season sandhill crane permits. The daily bag limit is three.

License Requirements:

• Harvest Information Program (HIP) registration
• Game Hunting License or Game Hunting & Fishing License
• Sandhill Crane Permit

North Dakota

North Dakota has an open sandhill crane hunting season beginning in September 2022. The daily bag limit for Unit 1 is three, and the daily bag limit for Unit 2 is two.

Resident License Requirements:

• Harvest Information Program (HIP) registration
• Fishing, Hunting, and Furbearer Certificate
• Small Game License
• General Game and Habitat License or Combination License
• Sandhill Crane Permit

Nonresident License Requirements:

• Fishing, Hunting, and Furbearer Certificate
• General Game and Habitat License
• Valid Nonresident Small Game License or Valid Nonresident Waterfowl License
• Sandhill Crane Permit

Oklahoma

Western Oklahomans know the call of a sandhill crane. The state is a thoroughfare on their migratory pattern. Sandhill crane hunting is available in the state of Oklahoma. Contact your local Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation office for specific season dates and limits.

License Requirements:

• Valid Oklahoma Hunting License
• Federal Sandhill Crane Permit

South Dakota

South Dakota offers an open sandhill crane hunting season from Sept. 24 – Nov. 20, 2022. The daily bag limit is three.

Licenses Required:

• Residents: Combination or Small Game hunting license
• Nonresidents: Nonresident Small Game or Nonresident Waterfowl license.
• South Dakota Migratory Bird Certification.

Tennessee

Tennessee offers sandhill crane hunting in select areas through an annual draw.

Licenses Required:

• Tennessee Sandhill Crane Tag
• Sandhill Crane Identification Test

Texas

192 of 254 Texas counties have sandhill crane seasons from October through January. Texas requires a “Federal Sandhill Crane Hunting Permit,” but this appears to be a state requirement and is only available through the Texas Parks and Wildlife.

Licenses Required:

• Valid Texas Hunting license
• Texas Migratory Game Bird Stamp Endorsement
• Federal Sandhill Crane Hunting Permit

Utah

Utah offers sandhill crane hunting in select areas through an annual draw. If you don’t plan on hunting for grouse or cranes this year, Utah has a yearly preference point application that will improve your chances of winning a draw if you decide to apply the following year.

Licenses Required:

• Utah combination hunting license or Utah small game license
• Utah Sandhill Crane permit

Wyoming

Wyoming offers an open season for lesser sandhill cranes and a permit quota season for greater sandhill cranes. The daily bag limit for the general sandhill crane permit is three, and the season bag limit for the quota sandhill crane permit is one.

Licenses Required:

• Residents: resident game bird or game bird/small game hunting license
• Non Residents: nonresident game bird/small game hunting license
• Hunter Safety Certificate
• Wyoming Conservation Stamp
• Wyoming Sandhill Crane permit

Regulations change annually, so check with the local wildlife department before the season starts to get up-to-date information on rules and permits. Participating in a sandhill crane hunt is both a challenging and rewarding experience, but luckily, there are many options regarding where to do it.

This article was originally published on May 17, 2022.

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