On many occasions, I’ve gotten distracted while fighting a fish, and when I finally had my quarry close enough to land, I quickly reached down and grabbed it by the lip to bring it in the boat. If it’s a largemouth I’m landing, or a big crappie or striper, that’s not a problem. When fishing in some waters, however, the creature that gets grabbed may grab back. And if it’s one of the toothy terrors listed here, it could leave you with wounds that need stitching, or worse.

I, therefore, warn you to think twice before lipping the next fish you bring alongside your boat. In the Western Hemisphere, rivers, lakes and saltwater environs are home to many fish that have maws studded with rows of needle-sharp teeth. If you make a mistake and grab one of these bad boys by the lower jaw, you may find yourself heading to an emergency room.

Beware these bad-to-the-bone beasts that bite!

1. Payara

They don’t call it “Dracula fish” for nothing. This South American favorite has the countenance of a vampire, with two fangs as long as your little fingers erupting from its lower jaw—plus dozens of other sharp teeth. With needle-sharp tips and knifelike edges, these dentures are perfect for impaling the payara’s favorite dinner: live piranhas. And you know any fish that eats piranhas must be one tough customer.

While fishing for payara on the Rio Paragua in Venezuela, we often reeled in piranha baits so full of holes they looked like hamburger meat—the result of payara attacks. The fish’s long lower fangs fit nicely into sheaths in the upper jaw, but the payara’s strike is as swift as a cobra. It can open wide and impale you before you know it happened. The result is guaranteed to be extremely bloody and painful.

2. Alligator Gar

The alligator gar is a toothy, armored-covered leviathan of Southern lakes and rivers. Its size impresses—sometimes more than 8 feet and 300 pounds. Looking into one’s tooth-studded maw is like staring death in the eye.

John Fox guided for Arkansas gator gars in the 1950s. He tells the story of one client so horrified by the hellish stare of a gar that jumped near the boat, he deep-sixed Fox’s rod and reel, with the gar still hooked, and demanded to be taken immediately to shore.

“A guy fishing with us one day let one jump in the boat,” Fox said. “It tore the side of the boat out and broke the man’s leg!” Nineteenth-century news accounts describe many instances of persons being killed or injured by these fish, including people snatched off houseboats.

If you mess with this bad boy, be sure your life insurance is paid up.

3. Bowfin

At first glance, the bowfin looks pretty harmless. Its teeth, which are immovable outgrowths of its jawbones, aren’t readily apparent. But if you examine a bowfin’s mouth up close—if you’re stupid enough—you’ll get the definite impression that, given a chance, it would chew your arm off, and if it were the size of an alligator, people wouldn’t be safe in the water. Nicknames include mudfish, dogfish and grinnel, but more vulgar monikers often are used by frazzled fishermen with broken lines, mauled lures and shattered poles.

Writer Jim Spencer gave a vivid account of one bowfin encounter. “It was possibly the most violent strike I’ll ever see in my life, regardless of the species,” he said. “No white marlin ever slashed a trolled skipjack any harder than when that grinnel hit my fast-moving spinner. The water around the lure erupted like a miniature volcano … I set the hook purely out of fright.”

Don’t land one with a lip-lock. If you do, there’s a good probability you’ll come away minus some digits.

4. Esox

Members of the genus Esox—the pike, pickerels and muskellunge—are deadly predators that will kill and eat darn near anything, including squirrels, ducks, young muskrats and sizeable fish. Their long canine teeth, which ring the wide lower jaw, and the short, sharp teeth on the tongue and roof of the mouth, spell instant death to unwary prey. That same dentition can lay open a person’s foot or hand dangled in the water, as has often happened in places where big muskies and pike thrive.

Suffice it to say that putting any body part too near the jaws of one of these marauders can spell trouble if the fish decides to latch on. Extreme caution is advised.

5. Lingcod

Many saltwater fish are armed with mouths full of sharp teeth, too. Consider the lingcod, whose toothy maw resembles that of a sci-fi monster destined to eat the entire crew of a spaceship. This fish is covered with brownish-red blotches that make it look like it has some kind of skin disorder. Maybe that’s what makes it so ornery. A 40-pounder I hooked off Seward, Alaska slammed me into the gunwale so hard I had bruises for weeks. Pity the person who hooks a really big one, which could top 80 pounds.

You’ll find lingcod year-round in West Coast waters from southern California to the Gulf of Alaska. They’re aggressive and easy to catch on jigs and cutbaits fished around rock piles and reefs. If you’re tough enough to handle one, and it doesn’t snap your line, steer clear of the huge, gaping mouth studded with big teeth. The species’ scientific name, Ophiodon elongatus, means “long snake tooth,” an appropriate appellation.

6. Bluefish

Bluefish are abundant and popular sportfish in many areas, particularly along the Northeast coast. Lots of folks like catching them, but novices may not realize these sleek, powerful marine fish pack a dangerous set of dentures. I’ve seen them bite right through a hook, and saw a fellow angler lose part of a toe to one that dropped thrashing in the bottom of our boat.

Schools of bluefish often “blitz,” pushing baitfish near shore as they feed on them. Swimmers, surfers and others in the water sometimes suffer serious bites if they’re unfortunate enough to get caught in the feeding frenzy. If you handle one carelessly while fishing, there’s a definite risk it could remove some big chunks of flesh from any body part that gets near those chomping jaws.

7. Black Piranha

“They are the most ferocious fish in the world,” Theodore Roosevelt wrote of piranhas. “They will rend and devour alive any wounded man or beast.” Mean doesn’t begin to describe them.

Most of the 17 species in South American waters are beautiful fishes, but not so the black piranha. The biggest of its clan, weighing as much as 13 pounds, this purplish flesh-eater looks like the embodiment of pure evil, with blood-red eyes and a jutting jaw lined with razor-edged teeth. A fearsome 5-pound specimen in Brazil exploded on a big prop bait I cast, sending a spray of water high into the air. When I lifted the fish over the gunwale, it bit cleanly through the 3/0 treble hook impaled in its jaw. They’ve been known to take off fingers and toes with equal ease.

8. Wolf Fish

Brazil’s giant trahira, or wolf fish, looks like something that should be chasing Sigourney Weaver around a spaceship. This little-known fish weighs up to 50 pounds and has chompers that look like they could bite through nails. Think “nuclear walleye” and you’ll have a good picture.

When hooked, this evil-looking primitive does a tarpon-on-steroids impersonation, jumping repeatedly. You’ll need heavy tackle to drag it out of the snag-filled jungle backwaters it typically inhabits, but chances are, even that won’t survive a brutal battle with one of these raging bulls.

Don’t hold a trahira near any body part you want to keep. They’ve been known to rip chunks of flesh from nitwits wading barefoot in shorts.

Whitetail hunters and land managers have been playing around with the idea of food plots for nearly 40 years now. And admittedly, a lot of folks have become quite proficient at planting food plot crops that rival the best farm crops out there.

Even vegetable gardeners would have to be envious at the results seen by those deer hunters who are merely trying to provide the best food plot for the deer on their land.

This year, I’m back at it in our “Fallow to Fabulous” experiment. Last year’s success included two small food plot that were grown on land that hadn’t been farmed in over 15 years. I started out by killing (or attempting to kill) all of the weeds. Wasn’t real successful at that. But I was successful in getting those two plots to grow brassicas quite nicely. Yeah, I know that’s not a major accomplishment, because growing brassicas is fairly easy, even in sandy soils like we have here in central Wisconsin.

In any event, this year I’m back at it. In fact, this week, I (with all credit to my friends who have equipment) worked the plots and again got some brassica seed planted. I went back with the proven blend of Antler King Honey Hole. Honey Hole is a mixture of five unique varieties of brassicas, which include three varieties of rape, and two varieties of turnips. This blend provides an ideal plot for the fall and winter. After the first frost the plants go from bitter to sweet and the deer love them. In fact, we darn-near filled all of our tags during the early archery season while hunting over these plots. It was simply amazing to see deer flock to these plots after not having any real source of supplemental food for years. I know for a fact that it drew deer to our hunting property from a lot of the neighboring properties.

The Next Big Thing in Food Plots?

Both plots are relatively small (less than 1/4 acre each), and I used the same amount of Honey Hole when seeding the plots this week. However, I couldn’t help but be intrigued by a “newer” product that Antler King has been offering: Kale.

Yes, kale. That nasty leafy green they put on your plate when you order a sandwich at the restaurant. Yeah, yeah, I know some folks love kale, especially when it’s cooked with mashed potatoes, but I’ve alway found it kind of gross, to be honest. Bitter tasting (to me, anyway), and even though I know it has a ton of good nutrients in it, I’ve always shied away from including it in my salads.

Well, I’m not a deer, and I’m certainly not waiting around until late fall for it to “sweeten up.” Apparently, that’s exactly what kale does … because it IS another form of brassica!

I simply took 1/2 pound of the seed (way more than enough) and cut it with the Honey Hole seed I was planting. I don’t know of anyone who personally has planted a food plot of just kale, so I didn’t want to roll the dice on being all-in just in case the deer didn’t take to it right away. But after reading all of the information about this specific strain, I’m really intrigued as to how these plots will turn out. And we just received a good dose of rain, so this stuff should germinate before too long.

More About Kale Food Plots

Here’s a little more info on the seed itself from Antler King:

•Kale is a member of the brassica family and is extremely cold tolerant, easy to establish and provides a fantastic cool-season food source.

•Kale is packed with protein (20-30%) and vitamins and can produce up to 10 tons of forage per acre.

•Kale will grow best in cooler climates as the plant’s leaves will sweeten as the temps get colder.

•Like other brassicas, a frost will create a molecular change and further sweeten the leaves and increase attraction.

•Kale is best planted from July through October and works as a great fall and winter forage crop in the Southern U.S. and a summer, fall and winter forage crop in the North, Northeast, and Midwest.

•Kale prefers lighter soils; sandy, sandy loam or light clay and will perform best in a pH ranging from 5.5-7.0.

Kale Conclusion

So … I will keep my fingers crossed that these brassica plots flourish and the kale is something that helps improve them even more than last year. I will also report back with photos of the progress; and trail-camera photos and videos of any visitors we might get over the next several weeks.

Explore dove hunting tactics, gear, seasons, and more in this complete guide to dove hunting

If you are new to wingshooting, then dove hunting is the perfect introduction for first-timers wanting to get into bird hunting. It lays the basic foundation for all the other upland disciplines. It’s a laid-back and enjoyable experience for beginners, and it’s a social hunting event. The action can go from zero to sixty in nothing flat.

Depending on where you live in the United States, the seasons and species for dove hunting fill up all 365 days a year offering a wide variety of situations and experiences to help fill the gaps of other bird hunting pursuits. From the iconic mourning dove, to the year round season of the invasive Eurasian collared dove the fun and food can be never-ending. To other less known species like the white-winged dove.

Dove hunting is as simplistic as you are going to get. The basic premise for dove hunting includes carrying a shotgun from a vehicle to a field, sit (bucket) or stand, wait for passing or decoying doves to fly close, and shoot. That, in a nutshell, is Dove Hunting 101. Just like in any type of hunting, there are those that go “all out” when dove hunting, but it is not necessary to do so. So, how do you get started?

Dove season dates and licenses

September 1st is the day that signals hunting season has begun! For a first-time dove hunter, the first thing at the top of the list should be to check season dates. Some states have an early and a late dove season. Being familiar with regulations is very important. Checking the state game and fish websites or visiting the local office should provide all the information needed. Most sites will also provide photos for proper dove identification.

Besides purchasing a regular hunting license, dove hunters are required by law to participate in the Harvest Information Program (HIP). This may require buying an additional permit or “stamp” if hunting migratory birds— dove, coot, rail, snipe, sandhill crane, waterfowl, and woodcock. Typically, the cost is only a couple of dollars. When the stamp is purchased, hunters will be asked to indicate which birds were hunted the previous year. At the end of the hunting season, HIP stamp purchasers will be randomly surveyed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Responding to the survey provides important information for setting and justifying future migratory game bird seasons.

Choosing a shotgun for doves

Is there such a thing as a perfect shotgun for hunting doves? Maybe, but the truth is nearly any shotgun will work. If each hunter could draw up their ideal shotgun for dove hunting, you would get hundreds of different opinions, each one valid. Beginners shouldn’t allow themselves to get sucked into the “shotgun vortex” that defines what gun to use for dove hunting.

For the beginner, any shotgun that’s available will work. Most shotguns will be in the 12- or 20-gauge range. Whether owned or borrowed, these gauges will be the norm in most dove fields. Yes, once in the field, an array of shotguns will echo their presence—from hand-me down wooden pumps to slick black and camouflaged semi-autos, to single-shots and doubles, to over/unders and side-by-sides. Gauges will read like a ruler: 12-, 16-, 20- and 28-gauges and .410 caliber. All are great choices but the 28 and .410 are going to be carried by those with years of experience shooting grey rockets with little toy-like cartridges.

New dove hunters should be aware that repeating shotguns, which include both pump action and semi-automatic, have tubular magazines. These types of shotguns MUST be limited to holding only three shotshells (“plugged”) while dove hunting. Federal regulations require that when hunting migratory birds, the tubular magazine must have a plug inserted so that the total holding capacity of the shotgun does not exceed three shot-shells (one in the chamber, two in the magazine).

Beginners shouldn’t allow choosing a shotgun to be difficult. Use what you have or what you can get your hands on. As with learning anything new, ask a hunting mentor for assistance and advice.

READ: Choosing a Shotgun for Dove Hunting

Choosing ammunition and chokes for dove

If choosing a shotgun for dove hunting is confusing, then staring at all the variety of shotshells will send a new dove hunter into a frenzied panic. Take a deep breath and step back. Novice dove hunters will see an array of colorful cardboard ammo boxes adorned with artwork and photos of flying doves and with alluring words such as “dove” and “small” Game Loads.

READ: What Chokes and Shot Size to Use for Dove Hunting

Regardless of the temptation, beginners should stick to the most popular of the smaller shot sizes: 7, 7-1/2, or 8s. This range of shot is best suited for both early and late season doves. It doesn’t take a whole lot of pellets to bring down a dove, and smaller shot sizes offer more pellets down range. Because doves are fast flyers and tricky to hit, open shotgun chokes such as Improved Cylinder or Modified are recommended to allow the pellets to spread out and create a larger, more open pattern.

Dove hunters should pay attention to area rules and regulations pertaining to the type of shot allowed. While lead is still the most popular, shooters should check their respective state regulations. Many areas managed by the state require steel or other non-toxic shot (tungsten or bismuth) when dove hunting on public accessed lands.

READ: Why I Stopped Shooting Lead at Doves

Shooting skills are a factor for each dove hunter. Shooters should bring along more ammunition than they think they’ll need as September speedsters can prove even the most skilled wingshooter wrong.

Dove hunting clothing

Let’s be real: a pair of jeans (earth tones if possible) and a camo shirt will work. I know I may get some flack for saying that, but truth be told, khaki or brown pants paired with a green shirt or whatever camouflaged pattern of the day is can be worn effectively on a dove hunt. Dove hunters should find some type of camo or earth tone bird vest or wingshooters belt to carry the basic essentials such as ammo, doves, and water. Dove hunters should locate a good place to conceal themselves and wait until it’s time to pull the trigger. Enough said.

Where to dove hunt

Dove hunting is as simple as finding a location where doves are congregating and feeding. Harvested wheat stubble or corn silage fields, ponds with exposed banks and weed cover, and harvested sunflower fields are all excellent locations to target. Refer to state websites again and check for state-managed dove fields on publicly-accessible lands.

Read: How to Identify Mourning Dove Habitat

Basic dove hunting methods

Pass-shooting (shooting birds as they fly over) is probably the most common method of hunting doves. If hunting in the morning, dove hunters should set up no later than sunrise. Evening shooters will be most successful right before dusk. Both beginners and experienced dove hunters must resist the temptation to fire off rounds until doves cross into range. This means knowing the effective range of your choke. For most, that’s forty yards or less.

The other method is to use dove decoys to draw them in close for possible shots. Motion dove decoys are best, as movement lures doves in. Adding a few stationary decoys will add to the overall effectiveness.

READ: Duping Doves with Decoys – The Three D’s

For those that cannot sit still you can explore the idea of walking up doves while hunting.

Eating dove is delicious

For beginning dove hunters, whether it’s a small pile or a limit of grey birds, cooking up doves is the culmination of a successful hunt. The easiest way to savor those tasty doves is also the traditional way—wrap ’em up in bacon with a slice of jalapeño. As any dove hunter knows, there’s no greater mouth-watering delicacy!

To find our more about dove hunting on Project Upland check out the category: Dove Hunting

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Why I Stopped Shooting Lead at Doves

What Chokes and Shot Size to Use for Dove Hunting

Hunting Eurasian Collared-Dove in the Summers of the United States

Thermal scopes are perfect for low-light shooting, giving any hunter an advantage in the field.

An excellent thermal sight will let you see targets not possible with your bare eyes.

What to Look for In a Thermal Scope

There are a few things to consider when buying a thermal scope to ensure you get the best one for you.

Resolution

Much like your flat-screen television, thermal scopes have a resolution, which significantly affects image quality.

Thermal scopes have two resolutions to consider: the display resolution and the sensor resolution.

To put it simply, a sensor resolution is a resolution you will get while using thermal imaging, and the display resolution will be your standard view.

So, if you have a 160 x 120 pixel sensor and a 1280 x 720 display, your targets will only come in 160 x 120 while using thermal.

Battery Life

Some scopes are energy hogs and will drain your battery quickly.

However, several models on this list will last over 10 hours of continuous use between charges.

Features

Many features come with thermal scopes, including smart features, various magnifications, video recording, and range finding.

Make sure you pick the features that are important to you.

Below are the 12 best thermal scopes on the market.

#1. ATN ThOR LT 3-6x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 3x – 6x
• Sensor Resolution: 160 x 120 Pixels
• Battery Life: 10+ Hours
• Waterproof: Weather Resistant
• Magnification Type: Variable

The ATN ThOR LT 3-6x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope is a variable 3x – 6x magnified thermal scope perfect for nighttime hunting.

It has a 30mm tube and a 50mm for excellent visibility.

With the latest thermal technology, it has a display resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels with a 160 x 120 pixels sensor resolution.

They made it to withstand the elements with a weather-resistant IP rating and a lightweight, durable aluminum body.

You can use it for 10+ continuous hours, and it comes with White Hot and Black Hot Color modes.

Other features include multiple reticle patterns, a 3D accelerometer, and a one-shot zero.

If you are looking for a solid thermal scope with excellent battery life, the ATN ThOR LT 3-6x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope is perfect for crossbows, rifles, and other weapon systems.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#2. Pulsar Core RXQ30V 1.6-6.4x22mm Thermal Imaging Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 6x, 2x – 4x Digital Zoom
• Sensor Resolution: 384 x 288 pixels
• Battery Life: 4 Hours
• Waterproof: Yes
• Magnification Type: Variable

Pulsar’s Core RXQ30V 1.6-6.4x22mm Thermal Imaging Rifle Scope is an excellent thermal option for close-range hunts.

It has a 22mm objective lens, a 640 x 480 pixel display, a 384 x 288 thermal sensor with 985 yards of detection, and a 50Hz refresh rate for excellent visibility.

The Pulsar RXQ30V comes with a green sapphire display mode, white-hot mode, and black hot mode.

The scope can easily attach to the most popular models of rifles and crossbows with a Weaver/Picatinny mount.

They constructed the scope out of heavy-duty glass-nylon composite and can be operated in extreme temperatures (-13 degrees to 122 degrees Fahrenheit).

It comes with 2x CR123A batteries, and a single charge can last up to 4 hours.

The Pulsar Core RXQ30V 1.6-6.4x22mm Thermal Imaging Rifle Scope is an excellent addition to any weapon.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#3. Burris BTS 50 3.3-13.2x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 3x – 13.2x
• Sensor Resolution: 400×300 Pixels
• Battery Life: 5 Hours
• Waterproof: Not Specified
• Magnification Type: Variable

The Burris BTS 50 3.3-13.2x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope has unique features that set it apart from its competition.

It has a high-resolution 400 x 300 pixel screen with several customization options to match your tastes.

The scope provides seven different color palettes and ten reticle options to form the best combination for you.

An excellent feature is the heat tracking utility where it will highlight the area with the most heat for faster target acquisition.

The battery can last up to 5 hours of continuous use, and the scope comes with multiple thermal options.

It also includes integrated stadiametric rangefinding for accurate shooting at unknown distances.

If you are looking for a thermal scope with plenty of viewing options and a high-resolution screen, the Burris BTS 50 3.3-13.2x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope may be right for you.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#4. Accufire Technology Incendis Clip-On 1 – 4x 30mm Thermal Imaging Rifle Scopes

• Magnification: 1x – 4x
• Sensor Resolution: 384 x 288 Pixels
• Battery Life: 4 Hours
• Waterproof: Not Specified
• Magnification Type: Variable

The Accufire Technology Incendis Clip-On 1 – 4x 30mm Thermal Imaging Rifle Scopes has a super intuitive double reticle and can be used as a standalone scope, standalone monocular, or an attachment for your favorite optic.

It has four heat displays to choose from: White-Hot, Black-Hot, Red Accent, and Green-Hot.

It has a variable magnification of up to 4x and has a display resolution of 1024 × 768 pixels, a core resolution of 384 x 288 pixels, and a 60Hz refresh rate for a sharp image.

The Incendis can operate in harsh environments with an operating temperature range of -22 degrees to 122 degrees Fahrenheit.

If you want to upgrade your current scopes capabilities, the Accufire Technology Incendis Clip-On 1 – 4x 30mm Thermal Imaging Rifle Scope is perfect for you.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#5. Pulsar Thermion XM50 5.5-22x42mm Thermal Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 5x – 22x
• Sensor Resolution: 320 x 240 Pixels
• Battery Life: 5+ Hours
• Waterproof: Yes
• Magnification Type: Variable

The Pulsar Thermion XM50 5.5-22x42mm Thermal Rifle Scope is a second focal plane variable scope with a 5.5x to 22x magnification.

The XM50 has some impressive features that make it one of the best thermal scopes on the list, but it is expensive.

You will clearly see your target in any lighting conditions with a maximum heat range of 2,500 yards.

It has an impressive 1024 x 768 pixel display resolution and a 340 x 240 sensor resolution.

One of the remarkable features of this scope is the built-in recording with recoil activation.

You can capture or live-stream your most intense hunts in 1024 x 768 resolution.

Another pleasant feature is that you can store up to five different rifle profiles into the scope for easy swapping between your weapon sets.

With an integrated rangefinder, you will have pinpoint shooting at any distance.

It also has a lifetime warranty.

The Pulsar Thermion XM50 5.5-22x42mm Thermal Rifle Scope is an excellent buy if you have the money.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#6. ATN ThOR LT 4-8x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 4x – 8x
• Sensor Resolution: 160 x 120 Pixels
• Battery Life: 10 Hours
• Waterproof: Weather Resistant
• Magnification Type: Variable

The ATN ThOR LT 4-8x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope has a 160 x 120 sensor resolution, a 1280 x 720 pixel display, and a 60 Hz refresh rate.

You will be able to clearly see your target with up to 8x magnification.

It has an impressive battery life with up to 10 hours of continual on a single charge to last you your entire hunt.

They had this thermal scope with a hardened aluminum body resistant to the harshest weather.

Other features include multiple reticle patterns, a white-hot mode, a black-hot mode, and a 3D accelerometer.

If you are looking for a balance between value and features, the ATN ThOR LT 4-8x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope will not let you down.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#7. Sig Sauer ECHO3 1-6x23mm Thermal Reflex Sight

• Magnification: 1x – 6x
• Sensor Resolution: 320 x 240 Pixels
• Battery Life: 6 Hours
• Waterproof: Yes
• Magnification Type: Variable

The Sig Sauer ECHO3 1-6x23mm Thermal Reflex Sight is an excellent thermal sight for predators and hog hunters.

It has a high-resolution sensor core with 320 x 240 pixel resolution and a 30 Hz refresh rate.

You can connect it to any BDX smart device via Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to capture images or recordings of your hunt.

The recorder is recoil activated, and the display has eleven color pallets and several brightness levels.

It also has a MOTAC (Motion Activated Display), which activates on motion to save battery life, but the sight can last over six hours of heavy use on a single charge.

If you want a reflex sight style thermal scope perfect for hog hunting, buy the Sig Sauer ECHO3 1-6x23mm Thermal Reflex Sight today.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#8. ATN OPMOD Exclusive ThOR LT 4-8x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 4x – 8x
• Sensor Resolution: 160 x 120 Pixels
• Battery Life: 10 Hours
• Waterproof: Weather Resistant
• Magnification Type: Variable

The ATN OPMOD Exclusive ThOR LT 4-8x50mm Thermal Rifle Scope is like the standard version, but with an exclusive Optics Planet modification.

It has a variable 4x to 8x magnification with a 160 x 120 pixel resolution.

It also has a battery that will last up to ten hours.

The modified version has a custom hog hunting reticle, and a quick detach mount, which is exclusive to this version.

If you liked the original, but want a custom reticle designed for hog hunting, the OPMOD Exclusive is an excellent choice for you.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#9. AGM Global Vision Rattler TS25-384 1.5x25mm Compact Thermal Imaging Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 5x, 8x Digital Zoom
• Sensor Resolution: 384 x 288 Pixels
• Battery Life: 5 Hours
• Waterproof: Yes
• Magnification Type: Fixed

The AGM Global Vision Rattler TS25-384 1.5x25mm Compact Thermal Imaging Rifle Scope is a compact thermal scope perfect for medium-range hunts.

The sensor core resolution is 384 x 288 pixels and a 1024 x 768 OLED display with a 50 Hz refresh rate, making it easy to see in any weather, including fog, rain, or smoke.

They made it to withstand harsh weather with an IP67 water resistance level and an operating temperature of -4 degrees to 131 degrees Fahrenheit.

It has a 4.5-hour battery life, but you could extend it via a USB 5V power bank.

An excellent feature is that you can easily stream or record your hunts via Wi-Fi.

It also includes a limited three-year warranty.

The AGM Global Vision Rattler TS25-384 1.5x25mm Compact Thermal Imaging Rifle Scope is perfect for anyone who wants a durable thermal scope that can record video at a medium range.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#10. Pulsar Trail 2 LRF XP50 Thermal Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 2x – 16x
• Sensor Resolution: 640 x 480 Pixels
• Battery Life: 8 Hours
• Waterproof: Yes
• Magnification Type: Variable

Pulsar’s Trail 2 LRF XP50 Thermal Rifle Scope has the highest sensor resolution on the list with an impressive 640 x 480 pixel resolution for excellent image quality.

It also has a 1024 x 768 pixel resolution display with several modes, reticle options, and illumination color options.

They built this scope to last with a lightweight glass-nylon composite housing and an IPX-7 waterproof rating.

With a built-in rangefinder with a maximum range of 1,100 yards, you will get accurate shots at any distance.

It has a 16 Gb internal storage to record your hunts and comes with built-in Wi-Fi to access your app to record or stream your hunt.

The Pulsar Trail 2 LRF XP50 Thermal Rifle Scope is the best thermal scope on this list, but it is also the most expensive.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#11. ATN ThOR 4 1.25-5x19mm Thermal Smart HD Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 25x – 5x
• Sensor Resolution: 384 x 288 Pixels
• Battery Life: 18 Hours
• Waterproof: Weather Resistant
• Magnification Type: Variable

The ATN ThOR 4 1.25-5x19mm Thermal Smart HD Rifle Scope has smart features that the other ATM ThORs lack.

It includes smart features such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 4.1, GPS, iOS/Android apps, recoil activated recording, and a MicroSD card slot for recording.

Other features include a built-in rangefinder, 3D GS7 Gyroscope, 3D Accelerometer, 3D Magnetometer, and an E-Compass.

With a massive 18-hour battery life, you can hunt all day without needing to worry about your battery life.

It also includes a three-year limited warranty.

If you want a solid thermal scope with smart features, the ATN ThOR 4 1.25-5x19mm Thermal Smart HD Rifle Scope is an excellent choice.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

#12. ATN ThOR LT 320 3-6x30mm Thermal Rifle Scope

• Magnification: 3x – 6x
• Sensor Resolution: 320 x 240 Pixels
• Battery Life: 10+ Hours
• Waterproof: Weather Resistant
• Magnification Type: Variable

The ATN ThOR LT 320 3-6x30mm Thermal Rifle Scope has an internal rechargeable battery that lasts up to 10+ hours on a single charge, saving you money on batteries.

They made it to last in any environment with a weather-resistant design and an aluminum body.

It has a 3x to 6x variable magnification with a display resolution of 1280 x 720 pixels and a sensor resolution of 320 x 240 pixels at 60 Hz.

It has a simple design, making thermal imaging easy to use for fast target acquisition.

If you are looking for a rechargeable thermal scope, the ATN ThOR LT 320 3-6x30mm Thermal Rifle Scope is an excellent choice.

It is available from Optics Planet. Here’s where to buy it: www.OpticsPlanet.com

References / Resources

How To Choose A Thermal Rifle Scope

Night Vision vs. Thermal Scopes

How To Sight In A Thermal Scope

See Also

Best Spotting Scopes For Hunting & Target Shooting

Best Air Rifle & Pistol Scopes

Best Laser Sights For Pistols

Best Night Vision Goggles & Binoculars

Best Rangefinders For Hunting & Golf

Affiliate Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links. If you click and purchase, I may receive a small commission at no extra cost to you. I only recommend products I have personally vetted. Learn more.

Several methods are available to estimate the weight of a fish. Some use length as well as girth measurements. Weight also can be estimated using only length measurements based on relationship between length and weight. Length-weight equations can be developed for specific waters, regions (e.g., states), or for a particular species.

Formulas containing length as well as girth are often most accurate for estimating weight, because the fatness or plumpness of the fish is accounted for. If only length is available, the most accurate weights often are estimated from length-weight relationships for specific waters or regions. For instance, in some waters fish might be relatively “skinny,” and the weight estimate might be overinflated if based on a formula created from data on a water body where fish are “fat” or even “normal.” That’s why adding girth to the formula can help with accuracy. Formula’s containing girth, however, also may not be as accurate as we’d like, because of inherent differences in the shape of fish and finding the right adjustment factor (or “shape” factor) to use in the formula. And it’s important to measure girth carefully, and at the fish’s fattest point, as girth estimates affect weight estimates powerfully.

One easy way to estimate fish weight is through the use of standard length-weight formulas. Species-specific formulas, called standard-weight equations, have been developed for dozens of fish species by fishery biologists to describe the standard growth form of a species as a whole. These relationships often are used to assess body condition (the relative weight or plumpness of a fish), which provides an index of a fish’s well-being, such as whether there are forage shortages or surpluses, and can sometimes reflect fish growth rate.

These standard length-weight formulas are often developed using thousands of fish from hundreds of populations across the range of a species, so they describe the “general” growth form of that species. For instance, the equation for black crappie was developed using over 20,000 fish across a range of sizes from 175 populations across the geographic range of black crappie.

*An important thing to keep in mind is that these standard length-weight formulas describe fish in “above-average” condition. In fact, the weights in the tables represent the 75th-percentile in the samples for that particular length, and are not average weights. In other words, if you lined up 100 random bass of the same length in order of weight, and those bass were a good representation of the range of weights for that length, the weight provided in the table would be for the 75th heaviest fish. While it might have made more sense to use the median weight for these formulas, fishery biologists decided to go with the 75th percentile so that the standard weight at a given length was an above-average or “ideal” target to shoot for in terms of body condition. So, if your fish appears plump and healthy, the weights from the table should be relatively close. If your fish is skinny to average, it will weigh less, and if very plump and remarkably “fat” it will weigh more. Just make an adjustment. No formula is 100-percent accurate, but if you have only length and not girth, this should help get you in the ballpark. Your state fishery agency may have standard weight tables based on regional data posted on their website. These formulas use total length of the fish, measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the tail fin when compressed.

Crappie Length To Weight Conversion Charts

White Crappie 6 in0.09 lb7 in0.16 lb8 in0.25 lb9 in0.36 lb10 in0.52 lb11 in0.71 lb12 in0.95 lb13 in1.24 lb14 in1.59 lb15 in2.00 lb16 in2.48 lb17 in3.03 lb18 in3.67 lb

Black Crappie6 in0.11 lb7 in0.18 lb8 in0.28 lb9 in0.41 lb10 in0.59 lb11 in0.81 lb12 in1.08 lb13 in1.41 lb14 in1.81 lb15 in2.28 lb16 in2.83 lb17 in3.47 lb18 in4.20 lb

This species is known for its long bill that grows from the front of its head. Blue marlin use this bill to stun their prey by slashing their heads in a side-to-side motion, knocking potential prey unconscious, and making it easier to catch. The blue marlin’s bill differs from the swordfish’s and the sailfish‘s by being round and pointed, rather than flat and blunt. Like many open ocean bony fishes, blue marlin start out as extremely tiny larvae, no more than a few millimeters long and weighing only a few hundredths of a gram. Soon after hatching, they already have a visible bill. Blue marlin grow rapidly, and in the course of their lives they may increase their body weight by at least one million times.

Because blue marlin undergo such an amazing transformation in size (from being nearly microscopic to being one of the largest open ocean predators), they eat a wide variety of prey, throughout their lifetimes. At a young age, they eat tiny zooplankton, and their prey increases in size as they do. As adults, they eat fairly large bony fishes and squids. Similarly, blue marlin are eaten by a wide variety of predators. When they are newly hatched, they are eaten by other fishes that specialize on eating plankton. The size of their predators increases as they grow, and adult blue marlin are not eaten by anything other than large open ocean shark species.

The blue marlin is a highly migratory species, with individuals migrating across entire ocean basins and even between oceans. One individual, for example, was tagged off the east coast of the United States (western Atlantic Ocean) and recaptured in the Indian Ocean. Like many migratory species, the females are larger than males. In fact, adult female blue marlin are as much as four times the size of the largest males. All of the largest individuals are female. blue marlin reproduce through external (rather than internal) fertilization, where the female releases her eggs into the water column while the male releases his sperm. Once the sperm find the eggs, fertilization occurs. While spawning, a single female may release several million eggs, increasing the likelihood that some will be fertilized and that at least one hatched larva will grow to reach adulthood. Though almost all fishes are cold blooded, blue marlin and the other billfishes have a specialized blood vessel structure – called a countercurrent exchanger – that allows them to warm their brains and eyes. This adaptation provides them with a major advantage when hunting, by allowing them to think more quickly and see more clearly.

The blue marlin is a targeted fishery species in only a limited number of areas but is captured as accidental bycatch in fisheries targeting other species throughout its range. In some areas, this accidental capture is threatening blue marlin populations, and scientists consider the species vulnerable to extinction. Generally speaking, blue marlin populations are decreasing in numbers. Though it is not targeted commercially throughout much of its range, the blue marlin is one of the most highly sought after big game fishes in the world. Sport fishing enthusiasts spend tens of thousands of dollars to catch large blue marlin, and they are typically released alive (though recent data suggests that released individuals may frequently die after the fact). If numbers continue to decline, this highly valuable sport fishery may be in danger of collapse.

Taxonomy note: Several times throughout the history of studying marine fishes, researchers have divided the blue marlin into multiple species, but recent genetic studies leads scientists to believe that all blue marlin around the world are the same species.

Oceana joined forces with Sailors for the Sea, an ocean conservation organization dedicated to educating and engaging the world’s boating community. Sailors for the Sea developed the KELP (Kids Environmental Lesson Plans) program to create the next generation of ocean stewards. Click here or below to download hands-on marine science activities for kids.

Additional Resources:

IUCN Red List

NOAA Fisheries

At AntlerBuyers.Com, we strongly believe that antler shed hunters deserve to be well-informed with up-to-date antler prices. That is why we built a tool to deliver the most accurate and current pricing of Elk, Whitetail, Mule, and Moose antlers.

Our data compilation process involves a collection of insights from various stakeholders in the antler industry, including antler buyers, shed hunters, and brokers. To ensure the latest pricing data, our system undergoes frequent updates. The last update was on Nov 8th, 2024.

Don’t agree with the antler prices below? Suggest your antler prices here.

Below are the current (2024) antler prices:

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Whitetail Deer

Mule Deer

Moose

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The provided prices can assist you in accurately determining the current value of your antlers.

* The price is an estimate. Click here to see how our antler price data collection works.

What Are Antler Sheds?

Learn More: What Are Antler Sheds?

Antler sheds, often simply referred to as “sheds,” are the discarded antlers of certain animals, primarily those in the deer family, such as deer, moose, elk, caribou, and reindeer. Antlers are the impressive bony structures that grow on the heads of these animals, primarily males. What makes antler sheds intriguing is that they are the natural result of an annual cycle of growth, use, and renewal.

Here’s a breakdown of what antler sheds are and how they come to be:

1. Antler Growth: Antlers start growing in the spring and continue to develop throughout the summer. They are initially covered in a soft layer of skin and fur known as “velvet.” During this growth phase, antlers are rich in blood vessels and sensitive nerve endings, allowing for rapid expansion.

2. Use in Breeding Season: Antlers serve several purposes, including attracting mates and competing with other males during the rut, or breeding season. Male animals use their antlers in combat for dominance and the right to mate with females.

3. Shedding: After the rut, usually in late winter or early spring, antlers begin to weaken at their base. This weakening is a result of hormonal changes and decreasing daylight hours. Eventually, the connection between the antlers and the animal’s skull weakens to the point where the antlers drop off. This natural process is called “shedding.”

Learn More: Does Antler Shedding Hurt?

4. Regrowth: Once the antlers are shed, the animal enters a phase of antler regrowth. New antlers begin to grow, and the cycle repeats itself in preparation for the next breeding season.

5. Antler Sheds: The antler sheds, which are the discarded antlers, can be found in various natural settings, such as forests, fields, and even in backyards. Shed hunters often search for these antler sheds, as they are highly sought after for their aesthetic value and use in various crafts.

What Are Antler Sheds Used For?

Antler sheds serve several important purposes in the natural world. First and foremost, they are a valuable source of minerals for many animals. Small mammals, such as rodents, will often gnaw on antlers to obtain essential nutrients like calcium and phosphorus. Additionally, herbivores like elk and deer themselves may consume antlers during periods of nutrient scarcity, helping them replenish vital minerals after the demanding rutting season.

In the realm of human activities, antler sheds are sought after for various purposes. Many people collect them for their unique beauty and use them in crafts, decor, and jewelry-making. Due to their durability and intricate designs, antler sheds are also used to create knife handles, buttons, and furniture components.

Below are just a few uses of antler sheds:

1. Crafts and Decor: Antler sheds are prized for their unique appearance and are often used in crafting. They can be carved, polished, and shaped into various artistic and decorative items. These include chandeliers, lampshades, candleholders, and wall art. Their natural beauty adds a rustic and elegant touch to interior design.
2. Jewelry: Antler sheds are utilized to create exquisite jewelry pieces. Jewelers carve and shape antlers into pendants, earrings, rings, and bracelets. The organic and earthy aesthetic of antler jewelry appeals to those who appreciate nature-inspired accessories.
3. Knife Handles: Due to their durability and comfortable grip, antler sheds are commonly employed in the production of knife handles. Hunters and outdoor enthusiasts often prefer knives with antler handles for their aesthetic appeal and practicality.
4. Furniture: Antler sheds find their way into furniture design, particularly in rustic and lodge-style pieces. They are used as chair and table legs, drawer pulls, and cabinet handles. Their incorporation adds a touch of the outdoors to interior furnishings.
5. Dog Chews: Antler sheds are also used to create natural and durable dog chews. They are a safer alternative to synthetic toys and can provide hours of entertainment for dogs while helping to maintain their dental health.
6. Cultural and Ritual Objects: In some cultures, antlers have symbolic significance and are used in traditional ceremonies and rituals. They may be incorporated into religious artifacts or cultural regalia, carrying deep cultural meaning.
7. Educational and Scientific Purposes: Antler sheds are valuable for educational and scientific purposes. They can be used in classrooms and wildlife education programs to teach about animal anatomy and behavior. Researchers and biologists may study antler sheds to learn more about the health and habits of wildlife populations.
8. Sculptures and Art: Artists often use antler sheds as a medium for creating sculptures and artwork. The natural curves and textures of antlers can inspire intricate and captivating art pieces.
9. Collectibles: Antler sheds are highly collectible items for those interested in nature and wildlife. Collectors seek sheds with unique characteristics, such as size, shape, or coloration, adding to their personal collections.

Who Buys Antlers Sheds?

Antlers are bought by a variety of individuals and businesses involved in different industries. In the United States and Canada, the primary buyers of antlers are often referred to as “antler buyers.” These individuals specialize in purchasing antler sheds from various sources, including collectors, hunters, and farmers. Antler buyers pay for antlers based on their weight, and they deal with antlers from elk, deer, and moose. Antler buyers journey across the United States and Canada to purchase various types of antlers from sellers.

The uses of antlers by antler buyers typically fall into several categories:

1. Collectors and Enthusiasts: Some people buy antlers as collectibles or for personal enjoyment. They may appreciate the natural beauty of antlers or use them for decorative purposes in their homes or cabins.
2. Craftspeople and Artists: Many artisans and craftsmen buy antlers to create unique and handcrafted items such as chandeliers, knife handles, jewelry, and sculptures. Antlers are highly prized for their aesthetic appeal and versatility in artistic endeavors.
3. Furniture Manufacturers: Antlers are a sought-after material in the furniture industry, especially for crafting rustic or Western-style furniture. They are often used for chair legs, table bases, and other decorative elements.
4. Decor and Home Improvement Businesses: Businesses specializing in home décor and interior design may purchase antlers to incorporate into their products or design projects. Antlers can add a distinctive and natural touch to home interiors.
5. Chinese Medicine and Cosmetic Companies: Antlers are an essential ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine and cosmetics. Chinese medicine practitioners and cosmetic manufacturers often buy antlers for their purported health and beauty benefits.
6. Export to Asia: A significant portion of antlers purchased by antler buyers is exported to countries like Korea and China. These markets have a high demand for antlers, primarily for medicinal and cosmetic purposes.
7. Wholesale and Retail Markets: Some antler buyers act as intermediaries, purchasing antlers from collectors and hunters and then selling them to various businesses in the wholesale or retail market, meeting the diverse needs of their customers.

If you’re considering selling your antlers, take a moment to check our carefully curated list of verified antler buyers. Additionally, don’t forget to consult our ‘Current Antler Price Chart’ for up-to-date pricing information on elk, whitetail, and mule deer antler sheds.

Learn More:

• Dispelling Myths & Misconceptions About Antler Shedding
• What’s The Difference Between Antlers & Horns?

If you have any suggestions or questions, feel free to contact us here.

Want to meet the author? Check out AntlerBuyers.Com about us page here.

Randy Haines of Amery was bowhunting recently when an antlered buck walked near his tree stand in Polk County.

He drew his bow, took aim at the deer and released an arrow, which found its mark.

The events to this point were similar to thousands of other hunting stories in Wisconsin this fall.

But when Haines recovered the animal, he noticed something different.

The young buck had a whitish rump patch and a black tip on its tail. Its facial markings, too, were not something seen on most whitetails.

It was a mule deer, a species found in the western U.S. and parts of Canada and Mexico.

The closest established population of wild mule deer to Wisconsin is found in central South Dakota, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Haines contacted the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources and told them about his kill. Conservation wardens and wildlife biologists with the DNR confirmed it was a mule deer.

Haines acted legally in shooting and tagging the animal. He now has one of the most unusual Wisconsin hunting tales of 2015.

The big question is: Where did the muley come from?

Is it a wild deer that traveled from the western U.S. into Wisconsin? Or is it an escapee from a captive facility?

Escapes from deer farms are especially concerning for the health of Wisconsin’s wild deer herd.

If you’re looking at probabilities, a wild mule deer has never been documented traveling 600 or more miles on its own power from its native range into Wisconsin.

On the other hand, animals escape from Wisconsin deer farms or shooting preserves at least several times a year.

State wildlife officials weren’t drawing any conclusions Wednesday.

“At this point, we really don’t know where (the mule deer) came from,” said Bob Nack, DNR big game section chief. “It’s not something we see every day, that’s for sure.”

Nack said the DNR had received reports in recent weeks of a mule deer being sighted and captured on trail cams in northwestern Wisconsin.

So when the kill was reported, it wasn’t a complete surprise.

Conservation wardens inspected the dead buck and found no signs of ear tags or other markings typical of a captive animal, Nack said.

Tissue samples were taken from the mule deer and submitted by the DNR for chronic wasting disease testing.

The deer was not aged by the department, but is thought to be 11/2 to 21/2 years old. It had relatively small, forked antlers and its body appeared to be in good condition.

White-tailed deer, along with their bigger relatives elk (about 200 animals) and moose (a dozen or so), are the only members of the deer family typically found in the wild in Wisconsin.

But a few mule deer have been documented over the years in the Badger State, including one that was killed in 1988, according to Kevin Wallenfang, DNR big game ecologist.

And in 2011, a Vernon County resident sent trail cam photos to Nack that showed what appeared to be a young mule deer.

In was not determined in either case, however, whether the mule deer were wild or escapees.

Could a mule deer walk from its native range to Wisconsin?

If it did, it would have to pass through Minnesota, which has no established mule deer population, according to Pete Takash, fish and wildlife information program leader for the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

Depending on where they live, some mule deer do migrate, said Kent Hersey, big game project leader for the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources.

Hersey said typical mule deer movements are 5 to 10 miles between winter and summer ranges, with the extremes being 0 and 100.

Hersey, a native of Pennsylvania, said Wisconsin doesn’t feature typical mule deer habitat.

“I’ve never heard of a mule deer east of the Mississippi River,” Hersey said. “But in some wildlife, a young male will do surprising things.”

Hersey also said this: “You never can discount it being a release from a captive facility.”

Wisconsin has about 500 captive deer facilities. The Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection on Wednesday did not provide information on the number of facilities in Wisconsin that have mule deer.

But at least some shooting preserves have captive mule deer and allow paying customers to kill the animals.

Deer Haven Acres in Adams offers mule deer hunting on its fenced shooting preserve, according to its website. And Huntingtripsrus.com advertises mule deer hunts at unspecified locations in Wisconsin.

As chronic wasting disease continues to spread across Wisconsin and other states and provinces in North America, wildlife health advocates are advising increased scrutiny on deer farming practices and regulations.

So a young mule deer several hundred miles out of place isn’t just a novelty that draws interest on hunting chat rooms.

It also raises alarm bells with those concerned about the future of Wisconsin’s wild deer resource.

“I’ve lived in this area my entire life, and I’ve never seen or heard of a wild mule deer here,” said Dave Clausen, a retired veterinarian and former chairman of the Natural Resources Board from Amery. “Maybe we’ll start to see a whole herd of them. Or more likely, it was an animal that escaped. Hopefully we’ll be able to find out.”

Deer farmers are required to report escaped animals. No such reports were available Wednesday.

State wildlife officials didn’t rule out the possibility of it being a wild deer.

“You don’t expect a mule deer in Wisconsin, but when it comes to wildlife, nothing surprises me any more,” Nack said.

Send email to psmith@journalsentinel.com